REFERENCES Arnaudo, D. (2017). Computational Propaganda in Brazil (Computational Propaganda Working Paper Series No. 2017.8). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford. Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2017). Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. The Computational Propaganda Project. Retrieved from http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/troops-trolls-and-trouble-makersa-global-inventory-of-organized-social-media-manipulation/ Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2018). Why does Junk News Spread So Quickly Across Social Media? Algorithms, Advertising and Exposure in Public Life. Knight Foundation Working Paper. Retrieved from https://kf-siteproduction.s3.amazonaws.com/media_elements/files/000/000/142/original/Topos_KF_ White-Paper_Howard_V1_ado.pdf Bradshaw, S., Neudert, L.-M., & Howard, P. (Forthcoming). Government Responses to Social Media Manipulation. Computational Propaganda Project Working Paper. Earl, J., Martin, A., McCarthy, J. D., & Soule, S. A. (2004). The use of newspaper data in the study of collective action. Annual Review of Sociology, 65–80. Edwards, F., Howard, P. N., & Joyce, M. (2013). Digital Activism and Non-Violent Conflict. Digital Activism Research Project. Greenwood, S., Perrin, A., & Duggan, M. (2016, November 11). Social Media Update 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2018, from http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-mediaupdate-2016/ Herring, S. C. (2009). Web Content Analysis: Expanding the Paradigm. In J. Hunsinger, L. Klastrup, & M. Allen (Eds.), International Handbook of Internet Research (pp. 233–249). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9789-8_14 Howard, P. N., & Hussain, M. M. (2013). Democracy’s Fourth Wave?: Digital Media and the Arab Spring. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Howard, P. N., Woolley, S., & Calo, R. (2018). Algorithms, bots, and political communication in the US 2016 election: The challenge of automated political communication for election law and administration. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2018.1448735 Howard, P., & Woolley, S. (2016). Political Communication, Computational Propaganda, and Autonomous Agents. International Journal of Communication, 10(Special Issue), 20. 23

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