Table 3: Observed Strategies for Social Media Manipulation Country Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Brazil Cambodia China Colombia Cuba Czech Republic Ecuador Egypt Germany Hungary India Iran Israel Italy Kenya Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Mexico Myanmar Netherlands Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Philippines Poland Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia South Africa South Korea Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey Ukraine UAE United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe Content Strategies Targeted Ads Task Forces, Portals or Applications Chat Apps & Other Platforms SEO Counter Info Ops Astroturf WhatsApp WeChat Fact Checking Fact Checking Astroturf WhatsApp Counter Info Ops Astroturf Astroturf Reporting WhatsApp Telegram Instagram WhatsApp Fact Checking WhatsApp, SnapChat WhatsApp Astroturf Reporting Line, WeChat Fact Checking Counter Info Ops Counter Info Ops Tinder WhatsApp Source: Authors’ evaluations based on data collected. Note: This table reports on the observed strategies of cyber troops. A filled box indicates evidence found. For content: = content creation; = malevolent content takedown, / / = no evidence found. 15