TABLE OF CONTENTS Towards collective resistance: An overview Introduction Methodology Defining fascism and fundamentalism Section 1: Authoritarianism, crisis and debt: The economic and political crises in South and Southeast Asia 4 9 10 13 17 Section 2: Attacks on gender and sexuality rights as a strategy 25 Section 3: Ecofascism 37 Section 5. Political fundamentalist and fascist actors 45 Section 6: Conclusion Author Acknowledgements 68 73 Debts and geopolitical maneuvering Erosion of democracy Rising fundamentalisms and women human rights defenders Saffron rainbow Struggle for LGBTQI+ rights The rise of ecofascism in Modi’s India Extractivism and privatization Violence against land rights defenders Pakistan India Sri Lanka Afghanistan The Philippines Malaysia Indonesia 19 20 28 32 33 38 40 42 45 49 53 56 59 63 65