populated areas, poverty and land capture.106 Journalists and activists have, for some time, been ringing the alarm on the privatization of water resources, forest-land, and natural gas reserves.107 This is deeply intertwined with the rise of far-right ideologies that seek to consolidate power through control of these vital resources. In the last few years, incidents arising from climate change include the 2022 floods in Pakistan (where the impact is ongoing108); cyclones; coastal erosion and flooding in Sri Lanka;109 the 2022 floods in the northeast of India, such as in the state of Assam, which led to flashfloods in Bangladesh in 2022;110 and the recent extreme heatwave in several countries in Southeast Asia. These incidents have a disproportionate impact on vulnerable communities (e.g., people with disabilities, older persons111). In Afghanistan, total political and economic collapse are exacerbated by the ongoing severe effects of climate change, resulting in droughts and other disasters,112 where around 60 percent of the population relies on rain-fed agriculture.113 THE RISE OF ECOFASCISM IN MODI’S INDIA Once shunned for his role in the 2002 Gujarat pogrom, Modi has now rebranded himself as a “green” leader, paradoxically earning accolades like the United Nations “Champion of the Earth.” Yet, behind this lies a different reality: Modi’s government continues to suppress environmental activists, violently displace Indigenous communities, and host international summits in militarized zones like Kashmir – all under the guise of environmentalism. This is ecofascism – where environmental rhetoric is weaponized to advance supremacist and genocidal agendas, echoing fascist practices of the past.114 106 Ibid. 107 The Economic Times. (2010). Natural resources are not private property. The Economic Times, 10 May. https:// economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-editorial/natural-resources-not-private-property/articleshow/5905471.cms?from=mdr 108 Akbar, M. (2023). Over a year after Pakistan floods, survivors battle climate anxiety. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/24/photos-over-a-year-after-pakistan-floods-survivors-battle-climate-anxiety 109 Al Jazeera. (2023). Sri Lankan fishers suffer as coastal erosion destroys homes. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera. com/gallery/2023/6/27/sri-lankan-fishers-suffer-as-coastal-erosion-destroys-homes 110 Gupta, S. & Mogul, R. (2022). Millions affected after deadly floods hit India and Bangladesh. CNN. https://www. cnn.com/2022/06/22/india/bangladesh-india-floods-death-toll-intl-hnk/index.html 111 Human Rights Watch. (2023). Bangladesh: Protect People Most At Risk During Monsoon Season. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/06/19/bangladesh-protect-people-most-risk-during-monsoon-season 112 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2023). Afghanistan: The alarming effects of climate change. UNOCHA. https://www.unocha.org/news/afghanistan-alarming-effects-climate-change 113 Ibid. 114 Truthout. “Ecofascism Is a Rising Threat. We Should Take Modi’s Ascendance as a Warning.” Truthout, https:// 38