149 “Myanmar journalists 'harassed' for reporting on Rohingya crisis,” Al Jazeera, October 16, 2017, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/myanmar-journalists-harassed-reporting-rohingya-crisis-171016070429902.html.; See for example panels on gender and on freedom of expression at the Myanmar Digital Rights Forum, February 28-29, 2020. 150 Julia Carrie Wong, Michael Safi, and Shaikh Azizur Rahman, “Facebook bans Rohingya group's posts as minority faces 'ethnic cleansing',” The Guardian, September 20, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/20/facebook-rohingya-muslimsmyanmar. 151 “Myanmar bans Radio Free Asia for using the term “Rohingyas”,” Reporters Without Borders, June 12, 2018, https://rsf.org/en/news/myanmar-bans-radio-free-asia-using-term-rohingyas. The term “Bengalis” was used in a discriminatory attempt to link the Rohingya to Bangladesh and deny their basic rights in Myanmar. Since the coup, more Myanmar users have actively spoken out about the Rohingya, in some cases apologizing for not believing past atrocity allegations in the light of the military’s recent violence against civilians protesting its seizure of power: Verena Hölzl, “Myanmar Coup Protesters Regret Silence Over Rohingya Genocide,” Vice, February 25, 2021, https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7m898/myanmar-coup-protesters-regret-silence-over-rohingya-genocide 152 “Daring to defy Myanmar’s Patriarchy,” Free Expression Myanmar, 2018, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/12/daring-to-defy-myanmars-patriarchy.pdf. 153 Naw Betty Han @NawBettyHan, "Military media, MWD broadcasted this photo last night that the protestors was burning and destroying on March 30. But the photo's Watermark showed that it was taken on February 4. Does it mean that Coup Council is lying in their owed Media? #WhatsHappeningInMyanmar," Twitter, March 31, 2021, https://twitter.com/nawbettyhan/status/1377120708409520133; @MyanmarIPC, “Our first act as the #Myanmar Independent Press Council was to takedown the Ministry of Information @Myanmar_MOI Twitter account which had been publishing this disinformation and threats of violence by the State media.,” Twitter, March 21, 2021, https://twitter.com/MyanmarIPC/status/1373492061576527872. 154 This included capturing the Facebook page of the opposition political party, the National League for Democracy (NLD). Peter Guest, “How misinformation fueled a coup in Myanmar,” Rest of World, February 2, 2021, https://restofworld.org/2021/how-misinformationfueled-a-coup-in-myanmar/. 155 “Myanmar: Military tightens media restrictions, targets journalists," The International Federation of Journalists, February 17, 2021, https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/health-and-safety/article/myanmar-military-tightens-media-restrictions-targetsjournalists.html. 156 "Myanmar Journalists Leave Jobs in Face of Military Regime Restrictions on Media Freedom," The Irrawaddy, February 18, 2021, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-journalists-leave-jobs-face-military-regime-restrictions-media-freedom.html. 157 "Algorithm of harm: Facebook amplified Myanmar military propaganda following coup," Global Witness, June 23, 2021, https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/digital-threats/algorithm-harm-facebook-amplified-myanmar-military-propaganda-followingcoup/ 158 Fanny Potkin and Wa Lone, “'Information combat': Inside the fight for Myanmar's soul,” Reuters, November 2, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/information-combat-inside-fight-myanmars-soul-2021-11-01/ 159 Hanna Beech and Saw Nang, “In Myanmar, a Facebook Blackout Brings More Anger Than a Genocide Charge,” The New York Times, August 31, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/31/world/asia/myanmar-genocide-facebook-military.html. 160 https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/information-combat-inside-fight-myanmars-soul-2021-11-01/ 161 "Ministry of Information, Myanmar," Facebook, accessed on September 19, 2021, https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=189150611199427; @myanmar_moi, Twitter, accessed September 19, 2021, https://twitter.com/myanmar_moi; both were suspended on March 21, 2021. "Myanmar coup: YouTube removes channels run by army amid violence," BBC News, March 5, 2021, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-56282401. "An Update on the Situation in Myanmar," Facebook Newsroom, February 11, 2021, https://about.fb.com/news/2021/02/an-update-on-myanmar/ 162 "An Update on the Situation in Myanmar," Facebook Newsroom, February 11, 2021, https://about.fb.com/news/2021/02/an-updateon-myanmar/ 163 Nathaniel Gleicher, “Taking Down More Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior in Myanmar,” Facebook, August 21, 2019, https://about.fb.com/news/2019/08/more-cib-myanmar/; “Removing More Dangerous Organizations from Facebook in Myanmar,” Facebook Newsroom, February 5, 2019, https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2019/02/dangerous-organizations-in-myanmar/. 164 "Algorithm of harm: Facebook amplified Myanmar military propaganda following coup," Global Witness, June 23, 2021, https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/digital-threats/algorithm-harm-facebook-amplified-myanmar-military-propaganda-followingcoup/. 165 “Hate speech in Myanmar continues to thrive on Facebook,” Associated Press, November 18, 2021, https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/hate-speech-myanmar-continues-thrive-facebook-rcna5982. See also "Algorithm of harm: Facebook amplified Myanmar military propaganda following coup," Global Witness, June 23, 2021, https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/digital-threats/algorithm-harm-facebook-amplified-myanmar-military-propaganda-followingcoup/ 166 Andrew Nachemson, “Channelling hate and disinformation: Myanmar’s bad actors move to Telegram,” Frontier Myanmar, September 15, 2021, https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/channelling-hate-and-disinformation-myanmars-bad-actors-move-to-telegram/ 167 Andrew Nachemson and Frontier Myanmar staff, “‘Watermelon suppression’: doxing campaign targets pro-democracy soldiers and police,” Frontier Myanmar, March 14, 2022, https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/watermelon-suppression-doxing-campaign-targets-prodemocracy-soldiers-and-police/. 168 Htet Naing Zaw, “Incoming Info Minister Pe Myint: ‘I Will Ensure Press Freedom’,” The Irrawaddy, March 28, 2016, https://www.irrawaddy.com/in-person/interview/incoming-info-minister-pe-myint-will-ensure-press-freedom.html; Nyan Hlaing Lynn, “Pe Myint: ‘A government needs to inform the people’,” Frontier, May 6, 2016, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/pe-myint-a-government-needsto-inform-the-people. 169 “Freedom of the Press 2017 – Myanmar,” Freedom House, May 10, 2017, https://web.archive.org/web/20170510172325/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2017/myanmar. 170 Eleven Media is the only large independent media outlet still operating as of March 2022. Some large outlets, such as the Myanmar Times, closed themselves before being shut down. "Myanmar Military Strips Five Media Companies of Licenses," Voice of America, March 8, 2021, https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/myanmar-military-strips-five-media-companies-licenses-0; "IN NUMBERS: Arrests of Journalists and Media Staff in Myanmar," Reporting Asean, accessed on September 18, 2021, https://www.reportingasean.net/in-numbers-arrests-of-myanmar-journalists/. 171 Rebecca Ratcliffe, “Myanmar: second NLD official dies in custody as junta cracks down on media,” The Guardian, March 9, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/08/myanmar-un-chief-urges-release-of-trapped-protesters. 172 AFP, “US journalist held in Myanmar charged with terrorism and sedition,” The Guardian, November 10, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/10/danny-fenster-us-journalist-myanmar-terrorism-sedition; Lorcan Lovett, “‘The darkest days are coming’: Myanmar’s journalists suffer at hands of junta,” The Guardian, June 7, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2021/jun/07/the-darkest-days-are-coming-myanmars-journalists-suffer-at-hands-of-junta 173 “Criminal media laws return, internet threatened,” Free Expression Myanmar, November 3, 2021, https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/criminal-media-laws-return-internet-threatened/. ် ပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိင 4 င ် ံ Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတလ