1 ် ပ်ဆး,ံ ။ ၁၀၀ = အလွတလ ် ပ်ဆး,ံ ။ စ,စေ , ပါင်းရမ6တ် ၇၀ - ၁၀၀ 9ကား = * 0 = least free, 100 = most free. A total score of 70-100 = Free, 40-69 = Partly Free, 0-39 = Not Free. * ၀ = မလွတလ လွတလ ် ပ်၊ ၄၀ - ၆၉ 9ကား = တစ်စတ ိ တ ် စ်ပိင , း် လွတလ ် ပ်၊ ၀ - ၃၉ = မလွတလ ် ပ် 2 Simon Kemp, “Digital 2022: Myanmar,” Datareportal, February 15, 2022, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-myanmar. See previous Freedom of the Net reports. 3 Myanmar, Digital Development Dashboard, International Telecommunications Union, accessed September 28, 2022, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Dashboards/Pages/Digital-Development.aspx. 4 Government of Myanmar, “Executive Summary: Universal Service Strategy for Myanmar 2018–2022,” January 2018, https://ptd.gov.mm/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Executive Summary of Universal Service Strategy (English)_0.pdf 5 “Speedtest Global Index Republic of the Union of Myanmar,” Ookla, accessed on March 16, 2022, https://www.speedtest.net/globalindex/republic-of-the-union-of-myanmar; “Establishing Internet Exchange in Myanmar,” Ministry of Transport and Communications, September 7, 2020, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6%20Myanmar%20CLMV-%20Internet%20Exchange1.pdf 6 “Digital 2022: Myanmar,” Datareportal, March 18, 2022, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-myanmar; Ministry of Transport and Communications, “Establishing Internet Exchange in Myanmar,” September 7, 2020, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6%20Myanmar%20CLMV-%20Internet%20Exchange1.pdf 7 Subscribers number 127.2% of the population size, as people often have multiple SIM cards, see “Digital 2021: Myanmar,” Datareportal, February 21, 2021, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-myanmar 8 See, e.g., “Sanction Mytel for complicity in the Myanmar military’s crimes!,” Justice for Myanmar, June 14, 2022, https://www.justiceformyanmar.org/press-releases/sanction-mytel-for-complicity-in-the-myanmar-militarys-crimes. 9 Ministry of Transport and Communications, “Establishing Internet Exchange in Myanmar,” September 7, 2020, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6%20Myanmar%20CLMV-%20Internet%20Exchange1.pdf 10 “How is Covid-19 transforming Myanmar’s digital economy?”, Oxford Business Group, June 30, 2020, https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/how-covid-19-transforming-myanmar%E2%80%99s-digital-economy 11 “Hundreds of telecoms towers downed in Myanmar coup resistance,” Reuters, December 3, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/hundreds-telecoms-towers-downed-myanmar-coup-resistance-2021-12-03/ 12 “Myanmar Resistance Claims Rising Junta Casualties, Destruction of Telecom Towers,” RFA, October 8, 2021. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/resistance-claims-10082021155939.html 13 “Myanmar citizens oppose military takeover on social media,” Nikkei Asia, February 4. 2022, https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Crisis/Myanmar-citizens-oppose-military-takeover-on-social-media 14 “Daily power outages in Yangon, lasting more than five hours at a time,” Mizzima, March 2, 2022, https://mizzima.com/article/dailypower-outages-yangon-lasting-more-five-hours-time 15 “Public anger grows in Myanmar over junta’s power cuts, RFA, March 8, 2022, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/power03082022162906.html 16 “WFP Myanmar Market Price Update (January 2022),” ReliefWeb, March 8, 2022, https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/wfp-myanmarmarket-price-update-january-2022. 17 “The World Bank in Myanmar,” World Bank, 2022, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar/overview 18 Andrew Heffner, “Myanmar’s internet gets pricier for dissenters, apolitical alike,” Al Jazeera, February 11, 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/2/11/myanmars-internet-gets-pricier-for-dissenters-apolitical-alike 19 Andrew Heffner, “Myanmar’s internet gets pricier for dissenters, apolitical alike,” Al Jazeera, February 11, 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/2/11/myanmars-internet-gets-pricier-for-dissenters-apolitical-alike 20 “Myanmar Junta Raises SIM and Internet Taxes to Silence Opposition,” The Irawaddy, January 12, 2022, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-raises-sim-and-internet-taxes-to-silence-opposition.html 21 Khit Thit Media, Facebook post, June 7, 2022, https://www.facebook.com/khitthitnews/photos/a.386800725090613/1515408952229779/?type=3 22 Aung Naing, “Junta says hefty new telecoms taxes will curb ‘extreme use of internet services,’” Myanmar Now, January 8, 2022, https://www.myanmar-now.org/en/news/junta-says-hefty-new-telecoms-taxes-will-curb-extreme-use-of-internet-services 23 Personal discussions with digital rights defenders, March 16, 2022. 24 The average broadband cost has dropped in Yangon from $72.31 per month in 2017 to $27 in 2021, see “Compare our best broadband deals,” Cable, [n.d.], https://www.cable.co.uk/broadband/pricing/worldwide-comparison/#regions. 25 “The price of fixed-line broadband in 211 countries,” Cable, https://www.cable.co.uk/broadband/pricing/worldwidecomparison/#regions 26 The percentage of households with a computer was 13.64 percent in 2017, 11 percent in 2016, compared to 37.8 percent on average for the Asia Pacific region. The percentage of households with internet access was 24.38 percent in 2017, 20 percent in 2016, compared to an average of 45.5 percent for the Asia Pacific region, see “ICT Development Index 2017 – Myanmar,” International Telecommunications Union (ITU), [n.d.], http://www.itu.int/net4/ITU-D/idi/2017/index.html - idi2017economycard-tab&MMR. 27 Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “Government to collect tax to fund telecoms in rural areas,” Myanmar Times, April 24, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20220121020506/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/government-collect-tax-fund-telecoms-rural-areas.html. 28 Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “Government to collect tax to fund telecoms in rural areas,” Myanmar Times, April 24, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20220121020506/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/government-collect-tax-fund-telecoms-rural-areas.html. 29 “A tender acceptance and opening ceremony was held for 9 Phase I townships / cities to be operated by USF program,” Ministry of Transport and Communications, December 6, 2020, https://perma.cc/H34X-XM54 30 “Temporary suspension of Phase II and Phase III tenders submitted by Universal Service Fund,” Ministry of Transport and Communications, March 23, 2021, https://perma.cc/P34S-5WQW 31 Thompson Chau, “Myanmar diverts special telecoms fund to biometrics database,” Myanmar Times, June 11, 2020, https://web.archive.org/web/20200629193959/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-diverts-special-telecoms-fund-biometricsdatabase.html. 32 Discussions with digital rights defenders, June 7, 2022. 33 Myanmar, Digital Development Dashboard, International Telecommunications Union, accessed September 28, 2022, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Dashboards/Pages/Digital-Development.aspx. 34 Datareportal, “Digital 2022: Myanmar,” Datareportal, March 18, 2022, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-myanmar 35 Military-controlled telcos, Mytel and MPT, shut down access from 6:30am until 11:30am. Independent mobile telcos, Ooredoo and Telenor shut down access from 3:30am until 2:30pm. Independent broadband telco, Frontiir never shut down access: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3473604.34745623. See also "Internet disrupted in Myanmar amid apparent military uprising," NetBlocks, January 31, 2021, https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-military-uprising-JBZrmlB6 ် ပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိင 4 င ် ံ Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတလ