343 Shoon Naing and Thu Thu Aung, “Black hoods, kneeling, no sleep: Reuters reporter details Myanmar custody,” Reuters, July 24, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-journalists/black-hoods-kneeling-no-sleep-reuters-reporter-details-myanmar-custodyidUSKBN1KE1PM; “Myanmar: Free Reuters Journalists, Drop Case,” Human Rights Watch, July 1, 2018, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/01/myanmar-free-reuters-journalists-drop-case. 344 Panel discussions at the Myanmar Digital Rights Forum in Yangon, February 28-29, 2020. 345 “Report exposes arbitrary detention, torture of Myanmar activists,” Al Jazeera, April 23, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/report-exposes-arbitrary-detention-torture-myanmar-activists-200423010723815.html. 346 Lawi Weng, “Buddhist Monk Accused of Aiding Ethnic Armed Group Tortured by Myanmar Military,” The Irrawaddy, October 31, 2019, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/buddhist-monk-accused-aiding-ethnic-armed-group-tortured-myanmar-military.html. 347 Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG), “Hpa-an District Interview: Arbitrary arrest and detention, torture and intimidation by BGF soldiers and village authorities, March 2020,” Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, June 26, 2020, https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/hpa-district-interview-arbitrary-arrest-and-detention-torture-and-intimidation-bgf. 348 “Daring to defy Myanmar’s patriarchy,” Free Expression Myanmar, December 2018, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/12/daring-to-defy-myanmars-patriarchy.pdf. 349 Discussions with digital rights activists, June 1, 2022. 350 Tim Starks, “An espionage campaign spread its wings from Myanmar to the Philippines, raising new questions,” Cyberscoop, July 14, 2021, https://www.cyberscoop.com/espionage-myanmar-philippines-china-hacking/ 351 Catalin Cimpanu, “Backdoor malware found on the Myanmar president’s website, again,” The Record, June 2, 2021, https://therecord.media/backdoor-malware-found-on-the-myanmar-presidents-website-again/ 352 Discussions with media freedom defenders, March 16, 2022. 353 Discussions with Myanmar digital rights activists, July 15, 2019. 354 Personal communications with a pro-Rohingya activist, Yangon, April 2018. 355 “Hackers target Myanmar government websites in coup protest,” Bangkok Post, February 18, 2021, https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2070287/hackers-target-myanmar-government-websites-in-coup-protest 356 Jeff Elder, “Activists call on Google to crack down on Myanmar coup leaders using services like Blogger and Gmail,” Business Insider, February 16, 2021, https://www.businessinsider.com/myanmar-military-coup-using-google-gmail-blogger-activists-say-2021-2 357 Timothy McLaughlin, “Security-tech companies once flocked to Myanmar. One firm’s tools were used against two journalists,” The Washington Post, May 4, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/security-tech-companies-once-flocked-to-myanmarone-firms-tools-were-used-against-two-journalists-/2019/05/04/d4e9f7f0-5b5d-11e9-b8e3-b03311fbbbfe_story.html. 358 Patrick Howell O’Neill, “The spyware used by Arab dictators has now shown up in Myanmar,” MIT Technology Review, July 10, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/f/613939/spyware-dealers-spotted-in-myanmar/; “New FinSpy iOS and Android implants revealed ITW,” Securelist, Kapersky, July 10, 2019, https://securelist.com/new-finspy-ios-and-android-implants-revealed-itw/91685/. 359 Mobile phone spy software includes mSpy, FlexiSpy, Highster, SpyEra, TheOneSpy, and Mobile Spy. Personal communications with women human rights defenders, Yangon, February 2018. ် ပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိင 4 င ် ံ Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတလ