278 X ျား၏ မိဘ 0 င 0ိ း် လ်ဖ0နး် ဟန်းဆက်များ၏ IMEI မ5တပ ် ံတ 0 င်ရန်4င 5 ့် အခွနေ ် တာင်းခံရန်၊ လံြ0 ခံMေရးအရ ထိနး် ချMပ်ရန် စစ်ေကာင်စက ီ Khit Thit Media, “ြပည်သမ ဖ0နး် ေအာ်ပေရတာများအားလံး0 ကိ0 အစည်းအေဝးေခZယX,” June 7, 2022, https://www.facebook.com/khitthitnews/photos/a.386800725090613/1515408952229779/?type=3 279 Thompson Chau, “Myanmar wants mobile user biometrics,” Myanmar Times, December 5, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-wants-mobile-user-biometrics.html; “Myanmar: Dangerous Plans for Biometric SIM Card Registration Must be Scrapped,” Privacy International, December 9, 2019, https://privacyinternational.org/news-analysis/3303/myanmardangerous-plans-biometric-sim-card-registration-must-be-scrapped. 280 Chris Burt, “Myanmar closes delayed biometrics tender amid funding confusion, data protection laws still absent,” Biometric Update, June 11, 2020, https://www.biometricupdate.com/202006/myanmar-closes-delayed-biometrics-tender-amid-funding-confusion-dataprotection-laws-still-absent 281 Thompson Chau, “Myanmar diverts special telecoms fund to biometrics database,” Myanmar Times, June 11, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-diverts-special-telecoms-fund-biometrics-database.html. 282 Article 357 includes protection for private communications. “Myanmar Military Junta Suspends Laws Protecting Citizens’ Privacy to Crack Down on Opposition,” The Irrawaddy, February 14, 2021, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-military-juntasuspends-laws-protecting-citizens-privacy-crack-opposition.html. 283 “Six risks from Myanmar’s draft Cyber Security Law,” Free Expression Myanmar, February 14, 2021, https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/six-risks-from-myanmars-draft-cyber-security-law/ 284 “Myanmar’s new Electronic Transactions Law Amendment,” Free Expression Myanmar, February 18, 2021, https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/myanmars-new-electronic-transactions-law-amendment/. 285 Fanny Potkin and Poppy Mcpherson, “How Myanmar’s military moved in on the telecoms sector to spy on citizens,” Reuters, May 18, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/how-myanmars-military-moved-telecoms-sector-spy-citizens-2021-05-18/ 286 Discussions with digital rights defenders, March 16, 2022. 287 Fanny Potkin and Wa Lone, “'Information combat': Inside the fight for Myanmar's soul,” Reuters, November 2, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/information-combat-inside-fight-myanmars-soul-2021-11-01/ 288 “Authorities in Yangon posing as activists online arrest dozens,” RFA, March 2, 2022, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/arrests-03022022185117.html 289 Hannah Beech, “Myanmar’s Military Deploys Digital Arsenal of Repression in Crackdown,” The New York Times, March 1, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/01/world/asia/myanmar-coup-military-surveillance.html; “Myanmar Security Forces Using Western Surveillance Tech Against Civilians, OCCRP, June 14, 2021, https://www.occrp.org/en/blog/14621-myanmar-security-forces-usingwestern-surveillance-tech-against-civilians. 290 “Myanmar junta using draft law to conduct searches for VPNs,” RFA, January 26, 2022, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/bill-01262022183617.html 291 Personal communications with a range of interviewees that have been arrested for protesting or for other forms of activism online, July 2017 to March 2018. 292 “The spyware used by Arab dictators has now shown up in Myanmar,” MIT Technology Review, July 10, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/f/613939/spyware-dealers-spotted-in-myanmar/. 293 Fanny Potkin and Poppy Mcpherson, “How Myanmar’s military moved in on the telecoms sector to spy on citizens,” Reuters, May 18, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/how-myanmars-military-moved-telecoms-sector-spy-citizens-2021-05-18/ 294 Nyein Zaw Lin, “Social media team will not spy on netizens, official says,” Myanmar Times, May 23, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/social-media-team-will-not-spy-netizens-official-says.html. 295 Nay Phyo Win, “Government allots over 6 billion kyats to form social media watchdog,” Democratic Voice of Burman (DVB), March 19, 2018, http://images.dvb.no/news/government-allots-6-billion-kyats-form-social-media-watchdog/80207. 296 Moe Moe, “New Body to Track Online Instigators Who Harm Govt, Sovereignty,” The Irrawaddy, May 23, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/new-body-track-online-instigators-harm-govt-sovereignty.html. 297 Moe Moe, “Parliament Approves Funds for Internet Oversight Body,” The Irrawaddy, March 21, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/parliament-approves-funds-internet-oversight-body.html. 298 Civil society attempts to engage with the SMMT in December 2018 were rebuffed by the Ministry of Transport and Communications, staff at which initially stated that they were not aware of the department and later failed to reply. Discussions with digital activists in Yangon, December 2018. 299 Discussions with digital rights defenders, Yangon, 22 May 2021. 300 “Justice For Myanmar publishes details of Myanmar’s tools of digital surveillance and repression,” Justice for Myanmar, March 2, 2021, https://www.justiceformyanmar.org/press-releases/justice-for-myanmar-publishes-details-of-myanmars-tools-of-digitalsurveillance-and-repression; Hannah Beech, “Myanmar’s Military Deploys Digital Arsenal of Repression in Crackdown,” The New York Times, March 1, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/01/world/asia/myanmar-coup-military-surveillance.html. 301 “Realising Digital Myanmar,” Telenor, February 2018, https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Telenor-Realising-DigitalMyanmar-Report-06-February.pdf; “Chapter 4.3 Privacy,” SWIA, Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, [n.d.], http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/pdf/SWIA/ICT/Chapter-04.03-Privacy.pdf. 302 “Myanmar’s new Electronic Transactions Law Amendment,” Free Expression Myanmar, February 18, 2021, https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/myanmars-new-electronic-transactions-law-amendment/ 303 “Myanmar Military Junta Suspends Laws Protecting Citizens’ Privacy to Crack Down on Opposition,” The Irrawaddy, February 14, 2021, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-military-junta-suspends-laws-protecting-citizens-privacy-crack-opposition.html. 304 “Lack of Consultation on the Citizens Privacy and Security Law is a Missed Opportunity,” Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, March 13, 2017, http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/lack-of-consultation-citizens-privacy-and-security-law.html; Tin Htet Paing, “Critics Skeptical of New Privacy Legislation,” The Irrawaddy, March 15, 2017, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/critics-skeptical-of-new-privacy-legislation.html. 305 “Telecommunications Law,” Law. No. 31/2013, Article 75, Free Expression Myanmar, October 8, 2013, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/telecommunications-law-en.pdf. 306 “Telecommunications Law – Law. No. 31/2013,” Free Expression Myanmar, October 8, 2013, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/07/telecommunications-law-en.pdf. 307 Drug Policy Advocacy Group, “Guiding Drug Law Reform in Myanmar,” Transnational Institute (TNI), November 29, 2017, https://www.tni.org/en/publication/guiding-drug-law-reform-in-myanmar. 308 “Military’s cyber security bill worse than their previous draft,” Free Expression Myanmar, January 27, 2022, https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/militarys-cyber-security-bill-worse-than-their-previous-draft/; “GNI Calls for Withdrawal of Draft Cybersecurity Law in Myanmar,“ Global Network Initiative, January 31, 2022, https://globalnetworkinitiative.org/cybersecurity-law-mm2022/. 309 Aung Naing, “Telenor has shared sensitive customer data with military since the coup: industry sources,” Myanmar Now, February 7, 2022, https://www.myanmar-now.org/en/news/telenor-has-shared-sensitive-customer-data-with-military-since-the-coup-industry-sources ် ပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိင 4 င ် ံ Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတလ