89 ; "Myanmar allows Tinder but axes dissent havens Twitter, Facebook," NIKKEI Asia, May 25, 2021, https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Crisis/Myanmar-allows-Tinder-but-axes-dissent-havens-Twitter-Facebook. 90 Discussions with digital rights defenders, March 16, 2022. 91 Directives from authorities in Myanmar – February-August 2021,” Telenor Group, last updated July 28, 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20211221011637/https://www.telenor.com/sustainability/responsible-business/humanrights/mitigate/human-rights-in-myanmar/directives-from-authorities-in-myanmar-february-2021/ ; “Myanmar: Immediately lift ban on ethnic news websites," ecoi.net, accessed on September 18, 2021, https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2027659.html 92 "Myanmar’s Military Blocks Access To Facebook After Overthrowing Government," Forbes, February 4, 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/roberthart/2021/02/04/myanmars-military-blocks-access-to-facebook-after-overthrowinggovernment/?sh=43397b9b5032; “Directive to block social media service," Telenor Group, February 3, 2021, https://www.telenor.com/directive-to-block-social-media-service/; "Myanmar junta blocks Facebook, clamping down on opposition to coup," Reuters, February 3, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/myanmar-politics-int/myanmar-junta-blocks-facebook-clamping-downon-opposition-to-coup-idUSKBN2A338S 93 See “Myanmar,” Open Observatory of Network Interference, https://explorer.ooni.org/country/MM 94 Ramakrishna Padmanabhan et al, “A multi-perspective view of Internet censorship in Myanmar,” Association for Computing Machinery, August 23, 2021, https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3473604.3474562 95 Tests carried out on March 16, 2022. 96 Ramon Solabarrieta, Facebook post, https://www.facebook.com/ramon.solabarrieta/videos/1024744474784118/ 97 Discussions with digital rights defenders, March 16, 2022. 98 “Blocking of 230 websites in Myanmar based on directive from the authorities,” Telenor, April 22, 2020, https://web.archive.org/web/20200408142852/https://www.telenor.com.mm/en/article/blocking-230-websites-myanmar-based-directiveauthorities. 99 0 သ ် တင်းဌာန ၂ ခ0၊ AA တိ၏ 0 ့ ဝက်ဘဆ ် က 0ိ မ ် ျားကိ0 ဖ0နး် ေအာ်ပေရတာ ၂ ခ0က ပိတ် [Two Rakhine news Chan Thar and Aung Nyein Chan, “ရခိင outlets; AA websites blocked by two phone operators],” Myanmar Now, March 26, 2020, https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/3391; “Gov’t Blocks Ethnic Media Groups From Mobile Networks,” BNI Multimedia Group, April 1, 2020, https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/govt-blocks-ethnic-media-groups-mobile-networks. 100 Thompson Chau and John Liu, “Myanmar blocks website of rights group of Tatmadaw,” MMtimes, August 31, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-blocks-website-rights-group-critical-tatmadaw.html 101 Yangon, “Blocking of 230 websites in Myanmar based on directive from the authorities,” Telenor, April 22, 2020, https://www.telenor.com.mm/en/article/blocking-230-websites-myanmar-based-directive-authorities. 102 Chan Thar and Aung Nyein Chan, “Telenor reverses stance, blocks ethnic news media amid crackdown on journalists,” Myanmar Now, April 2, 2020, https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/telenor-reverses-stance-blocks-ethnic-news-media-amid-crackdown-onjournalists. 103 Ramakrishna Padmanabhan et al, “A multi-perspective view of Internet censorship in Myanmar,” Association for Computing Machinery, August 23, 2021, https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3473604.3474562 104 Discussions with digital rights defenders, March 16, 2022. 105 “Whitelisted internet takes Myanmar back to a ‘dark age’,” Frontier Myanmar, June 30, 2021, https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/whitelisted-internet-takes-myanmar-back-to-a-dark-age/ 106 For example, attempts to block Twitter led to access issues for users in other countries too. See Ramakrishna Padmanabhan et al, “A multi-perspective view of Internet censorship in Myanmar,” Association for Computing Machinery, August 23, 2021, https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3473604.3474562 107 Thompson Chau, “After a year of reporting on Myanmar’s military coup, I knew my luck would eventually run out,” The Guardian, March 9, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/commentisfree/2022/mar/09/after-a-year-of-reporting-on-myanmarsmilitary-coup-i-knew-my-luck-would-eventually-run-out 108 Eleven Media is still operating inside Myanmar, presumably under significant self-censorship. Its coverage is careful to avoid topics or angles that the military may not like. See https://elevenmyanmar.com/ 109 “Myanmar: Military tightens media restrictions, targets journalists," The International Federation of Journalists, February 17, 2021, https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/health-and-safety/article/myanmar-military-tightens-media-restrictions-targetsjournalists.html. See also https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/myanmar-junta-accuses-foreign-media-persistent-bias2022-02-28/ 110 “Myanmar becomes a nation without newspapers,” Myanmar Now, March 18, 2021, https://www.myanmarnow.org/en/news/myanmar-becomes-a-nation-without-newspapers 111 See http://7daydaily.com 112 “Myanmar's army rulers threaten those who call them junta,” Reuters, June 30, 2021 https://www.reuters.com/world/asiapacific/myanmars-army-rulers-threaten-those-who-call-them-junta-2021-06-30/ 113 “Myanmar's closing of third publishing house appears to represent a new onslaught against literary and creative content,” International Publishers Association, June 7, 2022, https://www.internationalpublishers.org/copyright-news-blog/1219-myanmar-sclosing-of-third-publishing-house-appears-to-represent-a-new-onslaught-against-literary-and-creative-content 114 Discussions with digital rights defenders, March 16, 2022. 115 Tom Miles, “U.N. investigators cite Facebook role in Myanmar crisis,” Reuters, March 12, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/usmyanmar-rohingya-facebook/u-n-investigators-cite-facebook-role-in-myanmar-crisis-idUSKCN1GO2PN. 116 “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar,” Human Rights Council, March 5, 2019, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session40/Documents/A_HRC_40_68.docx; “WhatsApp the Media Platform of Choice for ARSA,” The Irrawaddy, June 12, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/whatsapp-the-media-platform-ofchoice-for-arsa.html; For example, the Minister for Information suggested in a June 2018 meeting with Facebook employees that the platform should control inciting or vulgar content. Meanwhile, the Minister for Religious and Cultural Affairs has been accused of spreading hate speech; “Facebook closes some accounts of Myanmar hard-liners,” The Nation Thailand, June 9, 2018, https://www.nationthailand.com/breakingnews/30347347. 117 “MCRB provides initial comments to government on the draft cybersecurity framework, and discusses cybersecurity with MPs,” Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, February 4, 2019, https://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/draft-cybersecurityframework.html 118 Kevin Roose and Paul Mozur, “Zuckerberg Was Called Out Over Myanmar Violence. Here’s His Apology.,” April 9, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/09/business/facebook-myanmar-zuckerberg.html 119 Andrew Nachemson, “Channelling hate and disinformation: Myanmar’s bad actors move to Telegram,” Frontier Myanmar, September 15, 2021, https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/channelling-hate-and-disinformation-myanmars-bad-actors-move-to-telegram/; Peter Guest, Emily Fishbein, and Nu Nu Lusan, “TikTok is repeating Facebook’s mistakes in Myanmar,” Rest of World, March 18, 2021, https://restofworld.org/2021/tiktok-is-repeating-facebooks-mistakes-in-myanmar/ ် ပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိင 4 င ် ံ Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတလ