36 “UN review of internet shutdowns including Myanmar,” Free Expression Myanmar, February 28, 2022, https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/un-review-of-internet-shutdowns-including-myanmar/ 37 “Internet blackout hits parts of Sagaing and Mandalay regions,” Myanmar Now, September 15, 2021, https://myanmarnow.org/en/news/internet-blackout-hits-parts-of-sagaing-and-mandalay-regions; “Nearly Two Dozen Townships in Myanmar Without Internet as Military Tightens Restrictions,” RFA, September 24, 2021; https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/internet09242021190423.html; Esther J., “Internet and phone blackouts worsen in Karenni State, Myanmar Now, February 9, 2022, https://www.myanmar-now.org/en/news/internet-and-phone-blackouts-worsen-in-karenni-state ; “Internet Access Amid Darkness and Lives Amid Threats,” Athan, May 2022, https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Internet-Shutdown-AthanMay-2022-Eng.pdf 38 Khin Yi Yi Zaw, “ Myanmar junta cuts off internet access ‘indefinitely’ to resistance stronghold of Sagaing,” Myanmar Now, March 4, 2022, https://www.myanmar-now.org/en/news/myanmar-junta-cuts-off-internet-access-indefinitely-to-resistance-stronghold-of-sagaing; “Myanmar Regime Cuts Phone, Internet Access in Resistance Stronghold Sagaing,” Irawaddy, May 24, 2022, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-regime-cuts-phone-internet-access-in-resistance-stronghold-sagaing.html 39 “Myanmar Junta Cuts Internet Access in Anti-Regime Resistance Strongholds,” The Irawaddy, September 15, 2021, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-cuts-internet-access-in-anti-regime-resistance-strongholds.html 40 “Data network restored in Myanmar,” Telenor Group, February 6, 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20220224210417/https://www.telenor.com/media/press-release/myanmar-authorities-orders-nationwideshutdown-of-the-data-network/; "Internet disrupted in Myanmar amid apparent military uprising," NetBlocks, January 31, 2021, https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-military-uprising-JBZrmlB6 41 From the 9th March the shutdown times were changed from 1am-9am to 1am-6:30am see "Internet disrupted in Myanmar amid apparent military uprising," NetBlocks, January 31, 2021, https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparentmilitary-uprising-JBZrmlB6; "Update: internet access, censorship, and the Myanmar coup," AccessNow, July 29, 2021, https://www.accessnow.org/update-internet-access-censorship-myanmar/; Cape Diamond @cape_diamond "JUST IN: #Myanmar Junta lifted the curfew-style nightly internet cuts (mostly from 1 - 9 am since Feb) starting from tonight, ISPs say. (NOTE: this is only for Fiber internet.) Broadband, mobile internet still shutdown. Facebook, Twitter still blocked," April 27, 2021, https://twitter.com/cape_diamond/status/1387050152230146061 42 "Internet disrupted in Myanmar amid apparent military uprising," NetBlocks, January 31, 2021, https://netblocks.org/reports/internetdisrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-military-uprising-JBZrmlB6 43 In June 2020, just 0.5% of internet connections were fixed-line. This number increased as a result of Covid-19 but remains limited to a few users in major urban areas: Ministry of Transport and Communications Posts and Telecommunications Department, "Establishing Internet Exchange in Myanmar," 9 July, 2020, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6%20Myanmar%20CLMV%20Internet%20Exchange1.pdf 44 “Data network restored in Myanmar,” Telenor Group, February 6, 2021, https://www.telenor.com/media/press-release/myanmarauthorities-orders-nationwide-shutdown-of-the-data-network. 45 "United Nations Human Rights – Office of the High Commissioner, “Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar Interactive Dialogue with the Human Rights Council,” March 10, 2020, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25698&LangID=E “Civil society marks 1-year of world’s longest internet shutdown,” Free Expression Myanmar, June 21, 2020, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/civil-society-marks-1-year-ofworlds-longest-internet-shutdown/. 46 Andrew Nachemson and Lun Min Mang, “Fighting in Rakhine, Chin states rages as Myanmar limits internet,” Al Jazeera, March 5, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/fighting-rakhine-chin-states-rages-myanmar-limits-internet-200304033937563.html. 47 An online campaign was started to monitor and track the shutdown, see Facebook account: အင်တာနက်ြဖတ်ေတာက်မ, ရပ်, @StopInternetShutDownMM, https://www.facebook.com/StopInternetShutDownMM/; “Myanmar: Internet Shutdown Risks Lives,” Human Rights Watch, June 28, 2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/28/myanmar-internet-shutdown-risks-lives; Thompson Chau, “Protesters demand end to internet blackout in Rakhine,” Myanmar Times, December 25, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/protesters-demand-end-internet-blackout-rakhine.html 48 Myat Thura, “Govt defends internet shutdown in Rakhine,” Myanmar Times, February 24, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/govtdefends-internet-shutdown-rakhine.html; “Internet ban will be lifted if peace and stability is restored: Deputy Minister,” Eleven Media Group, February 9, 2020, https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/internet-ban-will-be-lifted-if-peace-and-stability-is-restored-deputy-minister. 49 "In Myanmar, one blackout ends, another begins," Rest of World, February 10, 2021, https://restofworld.org/2021/myanmar-oneblackout-ends-another-begins/; United Nations Human Rights – Office of the High Commissioner, “Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar Interactive Dialogue with the Human Rights Council,” March 10, 2020, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25698&LangID=E&fbclid=IwAR1CW1QsIzDLmbnOxnAR7c YqCsJxHbyIZ9gmYTFEdbVNPyoVY319BjnpQSY; “Civil society marks 1-year of world’s longest internet shutdown,” Free Expression Myanmar, June 21, 2020, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/civil-society-marks-1-year-of-worlds-longest-internet-shutdown/. 50 Ministry of Transport and Communications, “Establishing Internet Exchange in Myanmar,” September 7, 2020, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6%20Myanmar%20CLMV-%20Internet%20Exchange1.pdf” 51 Dylan Bushell-Embling, “Myanmar to use Intelsat 39 satellite,” Telecomasia.net, June 4, 2018, https://www.telecomasia.net/content/myanmar-use-intelsat-39-satellite. 52 Thomas Kean, “Myanmar’s broadband price war,” Frontier Myanmar, April 23, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/myanmarsbroadband-price-war. 53 Discussions with digital rights defenders, March 16, 2022. 54 Telenor completes Myanmar business sale, to be paid over 5 years, Reuters, March 25, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/telenor-completes-myanmar-business-sale-be-paid-over-5-years-2022-03-25. 55 “Ooredoo Group Announces the Sale of its Telecom Business in Myanmar to Nine Communications Pte. Ltd at an Enterprise Value of USD 576 million,” Ooredo, September 8, 2022, https://www.ooredoo.com/en/media/news_view/ooredoo-group-announces-the-sale-ofits-telecom-business-in-myanmar-to-nine-communications-pte-ltd-at-an-enterprise-value-of-usd-576-million/; “Ooredoo’s plans to leave Myanmar hands military full control of nation’s telco sector — it must mitigate the human rights risks,” Access Now, September 15, 2022, https://www.accessnow.org/ooredoo-myanmar-sale/ 56 MyTel is jointly owned by Myanmar National Telecom Holding Public Co Ltd (23 percent), Star High Public Co Ltd (28 percent), and Viettel Global (49 percent). Star High is a subsidiary of the military-run Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC). Viettel Global is owned by the Vietnam Ministry of Defense, see Kyaw Phone Kyaw, “Fourth telco MyTel to start selling SIM cards in March,” Myanmar Times, February 14, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/fourth-telco-mytel-start-selling-sim-cards-march.html. See also Aung Kyaw Nyunt and Pyae Thet Phyo, “Myanmar’s fourth telco gets licence at last,” Myanmar Times, January 13, 2017, https://www.mmtimes.com/business/technology/24533-myanmar-s-fourth-telco-gets-licence-at-last.html. 57 "Mytel has 10 million subscribers in two years," Bizhub, June 5, 2020, http://bizhub.vn/tech/mytel-has-10-million-subscribers-in-twoyears_316143.html ် ပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိင 4 င ် ံ Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတလ