အသံး& ြပ$သ> အခွငအ ့် ေရး ချိ$းေဖာက်မ1များ Violations of User Rights C1: ဖွဲUစည်းပံFအေြခခံဥပေဒY4င ့် အြခားဥပေဒများသည် လွတလ ် ပ် စာွ ထFတေ ် ဖာ်ေြပာဆိြF ခင်း၊ သတင်းအချက်အလက်ရယNခွငY ့် င 4 ့် သတင်းလွတလ ် ပ် ခွင ့် စသည့ ် အခွငအ ့် ေရးများကိF အင်တာနက်ေပ:တွင ် အပါအဝင် ကာကွယရ ် န် ပျက်ကက ွ ပ ် ါသလား။ ၎င်း ၀ မ4တ ် ဥပေဒများအား လွတလ ် ပ် မ,ကင်းေသာ တရားစီရင်ေရးအဖွဲUက အားေကာင်းလာေစပါသလား။ (၀-၆ မ4တ)် C1: Do the constitution or other laws fail to protect rights such as freedom of expression, access to information, and press freedom, including on the internet, and are they enforced by a judiciary that lacks independence? (0–6 points) 0 The military’s coup effectively nullified the 2008 constitution along with the limited protections for free expression it offered. The military claimed that the coup—carried out under the cover of a state of emergency that the military said was necessary to address unverified claims of fraud in the November 2020 elections—was in line with its constitutional powers. However, both the justification and the process itself were unlawful.212 Members of the Constitutional Tribunal, the one state body that might have held the military accountable to the constitution, were all replaced by the military on February 9, 2021.213 In April 2021, parliamentarians who escaped the military declared the 2008 constitution void and replaced it with an interim charter under the NUG. 214 Union [of Myanmar] security, prevalence of law and order, community peace and tranquility, or public order and morality.”218 The constitution included no provisions directly relating to the internet or access to information, although Article 96 and Schedule 1 (8.m) granted the parliament authority to establish laws regulating the internet. The 2008 constitution and other laws in Myanmar largely failed to protect human rights online. The constitution, drafted by a previous military government and approved in a flawed 2008 referendum, stated that “enhancing the eternal principles of justice, liberty, and equality” was one of the country’s six objectives.215 It also provided specific—but highly limited—guarantees for citizens to “express and publish their convictions and opinions,”216 and to “freely develop literature, culture, arts, customs, and traditions,”217 provided that they were “not contrary to the laws enacted for The rule of law has essentially collapsed.219 Before the coup, judicial independence was minimal as courts generally adjudicated cases in accordance with the government’s interests, particularly in cases with political implications.220 Since the coup, the military has suspended habeas corpus and other legal rights, tried civilians in military tribunals, heard cases inside prisons to prevent observers from attending, arbitrarily detained thousands of people, harassed lawyers, and used torture to extract confessions.221 A number of laws undermine media freedom and freedom of expression. The 2013 Telecommunications Law criminalizes legitimate expression and authorizes restrictions on online content. A range of other laws further impede online expression, including the Electronic Transactions Law (see C2), the Printing and Publishing Law, and the Broadcasting Law (see B6). ် ပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိင 4 င ် ံ Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတလ