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United Nations Human Rights: Office for the High Commissioner of Human Rights (2012) ‘Striking a balance between freedom of expression and the prohibition of incitement to hatred’, available at: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/Strikingabalancebetweenfreedo mofexpression.aspx [October 2015]. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ‘Incitement to Genocide in International Law’, available at: http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007839 [October 2015]. Vollhardt, J., Coutin, M., Staub, E., Weiss, G. and Deflander, J. (2006) ‘Deconstructing Hate Speech in the DRC: A Psychological Media Sensitization Campaign’ Journal of Hate Studies, vol.5, no.1, pp.15-35. Wade, F., (2013) ‘Poison in the Sangha’, The Revealer, available at: http://therevealer.org/archives/17859 [November 2015]. Waldron, J., (2012) The Harm in Hate Speech, Harvard University Press. Wallensteen, P., (2012) Understanding Conflict Resolution, Sage. Whitehead, T., (2005) ‘Basic Classical Ethnographic Research Methods: Secondary Data Analysis, Fieldwork, Observation/Participant Observation, and Informal and Semi-structured Interviewing’, Ethnographically Informed Community and Cultural Assessment Research Systems (EICCARS) Working Paper Series. - 74 -

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Religion, hate speech and social media in Myanmar: Analysing methods of intervention

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Language

English

Topic

Hate Speech
Rohingya Crisis

Author(s)

Bethany Davis

Date Published: Dec 1, 2015

Abstract: Myanmar is home to one of the longest running intrastate conflicts in the world, involving a series of ethnic and religious clashes that have caused harm to all parties involved. The ideology of a homogeneity based on Buddhism and the Bamar ethnicity has marginalized minority groups, which make up a third of the population, and has particularly affected the Rakhine state’s Buddhist and Muslim communities, the latter of which are subject to what international human rights organizations are calling an ethnic cleansing. Since the government relaxed restrictions to the access of foreign websites, the social media site Facebook has become a popular means to disseminate misinformation and rumours, and this has created mistrust and hatred against Muslims across the country, heightening the polarization between Buddhist and Muslim groups. This study will combine conflict analysis with the assessment of different approaches of countering hate speech to propose which methods of intervention are most suitable for this situation in Myanmar. Lederach argues that to counter hatred and avoid reoccurrence of violence, deep alterations of the parties’ relationships is needed. This idea forms the basis for chapter three which examines educational methods, interfaith projects and social media campaigns to both prevent and change negative attitudes towards the religious ‘Other’. It argues that education and awareness campaigns are more effective than the implementation of legal regulation as we need to combat the underlying issue. In addition to secondary sources, this study involved field research to collect information about how the youth are influence by hate speech and counter hate campaigns in Myanmar.

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Religion, hate speech and social media in Myanmar: Analysing methods of intervention

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