40 Dictating the Internet: More recently, legal measures to regulate information on online platforms have been used to censor expression and information online. Meanwhile, laws aiming to control the spread of disinformation online and to protect cybersecurity have been advanced, despite serious concerns that these laws will result in further suppression of online expression and information.111 The ICJ has identified nine areas where legal frameworks have been drafted and interpreted to unduly regulate expression and information online in ways that are not human rights compliant. By organizing the analysis in this manner, we hope to highlight commonalities across the region – both in the laws themselves as well as the arbitrary ways in which they have been implemented. These are: i. Laws which aim to protect the reputation of legal persons ii. Laws which aim to protect the reputation of the monarchy iii. Laws on sedition iv. Laws which aim to protect the security of the nation or public order v. Laws which aim to protect the courts * vi. Laws which aim to regulate information online vii. Laws which aim to control the spread of “disinformation” online viii. Laws which aim to protect cybersecurity ix. Laws abused to justify internet shutdowns 111 This report is not an exhaustive representation of laws in the countries identified in this paper which have been abused to control free expression and information online. It presents only a partial reflection of deteriorating conditions in Southeast Asia. In the interests of brevity, this paper only highlights selected laws in selected countries and selected cases towards evidencing a regional trend, noting that there has been misuse of measures other than those identified in this report – including non-legal measures – to restrict freedom of expression, opinion and information online.