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The International Journal of Press/Politics 00(0)
stand against Myit Sone Dam [the mega dam project launched by China in the northern
area of the country].
Some people said it was not so much that Facebook was responsible for dividing or
uniting people, but rather the platform was just reflecting a divided society. “As we are
losing trust with government and with each other, we just tend to trust whatever we see
on Facebook,” according to a man identifying as a religious minority.
Discussion
Our interviews revealed that Facebook plays an important role in Myanmar. Individuals
rely heavily on Facebook for news. Respondents reported reading a range of sources
on Facebook. People told us Facebook allows them to bypass censorship, and many
believed it serves as a corrective to the official narrative. But, a closer look at the interviews shows that the majority of people we spoke with are hostile toward international
media—also available on Facebook and also a possible corrective to the official narrative. Therefore, the people we interviewed overwhelmingly did not incorporate foreign accounts of the Rohingya crisis into their perspectives. This suggests that people
do not use Facebook to challenge their viewpoints or the government’s narrative of the
Rohingya crisis in a meaningful way.
This is consistent with our other finding that most people engage selectively with
information. Thus, our interviews and focus groups show that confirmation bias exists
and that while some open-minded people seek out information that contests their perspective, most people are less tolerant and avoid news that challenge their worldview.
The majority simply described information they disagreed with as “biased” and disregarded it.
Moreover, individuals are limited in their ability to fact-check. Consistent with
what we know of Western Facebook users, the people we interviewed in Myanmar
relied on various heuristics to ascertain whether information is trustworthy: friends,
family, or simply their intuition. Only a small minority of people engaged in more
sophisticated fact-checking like trying to find corroborating news stories when they
see a particular story or post go viral.
Many of respondents reported seeing extreme speech on Facebook and some said
they actively tried to counter it. Most users, however, were not upset about extreme
speech and said it was par for the course on Facebook—a medium they see as bringing
the country’s existing ethnic cleavages into full view. While none of the people we
spoke with blamed Facebook for these cleavages, our interviews suggest that the information on Facebook made ethnic conflict more salient, yet nobody said that Facebook
should be shut down or eliminated. Many of our respondents were more concerned
about how users interact with the information on Facebook than the platform itself.
They called for more media literacy and education. Overall, people viewed Facebook
as having both a positive and negative effect on their country.
Further research is clearly needed, but our data reveal no meaningful difference
between Facebook users and non-users in their opinions toward the Rohingya. The