Summary Summary The Rohingya people are survivors of an ongoing, internationally recognized genocide in Myanmar as well as the ravages of war. However, more than one million Rohingya refugees seeking safety in neighboring Bangladesh now face an additional scourge: threats and attacks by armed militant groups operating with near-total impunity in Bangladesh’s refugee camps. Rohingya-led militant groups in refugee camps in Bangladesh have increasingly threatened, abducted, tortured, and even killed Rohingya refugees with impunity. The dismal conditions in the refugee camps and the porous border region enable these groups to recruit, grow, and continue to commit abuses. This report shows how the Bangladeshi authorities under the now-ousted government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina largely failed to protect Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh from these violent groups. Hasina ruled Bangladesh with an iron fist for 15 years, and in August 2024, her increasingly authoritarian government collapsed suddenly and dramatically in response to months-long student-led protests that claimed the lives of hundreds of people. For years, Hasina’s government ignored the abuses and threats Rohingya refugees faced from militant groups living and operating in their midst. Following Hasina’s ousting and flight to India on August 5, 2024, Bangladeshi student protesters asked Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus to lead the transitional government, and he accepted. On August 8, 2024, Bangladesh’s president swore in Dr. Yunus as chief advisor to the new interim government. 8 Three Rohingya men who faced threats from Rohingya militants in Cox’s Bazar District refugee camps in Bangladesh. ©Saiful Huq Omi, Counter Foto, 2024