“I May Be Killed Any Moment” Methodology Between September 2021 and November 2024, Fortify Rights interviewed 116 individuals—including Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh, Rohingya civilians in Rakhine State, Rohingya militants, U.N. officials, humanitarian aid workers, and others—about the ongoing violence by Rohingya-led armed militant groups in Bangladesh. Fortify Rights interviewed former and current members of the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), the Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (RSO), and a former member of the Rohingya Patriotic Front. Fortify Rights also analyzed two leaked Bangladesh government documents from the now-deposed government of Sheikh Hasina, including one from the Bangladesh Army, about militant activity in the refugee camps. On February 16, 2025, Fortify Rights sent a letter requesting a meeting with the office of Chief Advisor to the Interim Government of Bangladesh Professor Muhammad Yunus. At the time of writing Fortify Rights has not received a reply. Fortify Rights independently verified the group affiliations of perpetrators involved in many of the incidents documented in this report, but not in every instance, given the secrecy with which these groups operate and the challenges for survivors and eyewitnesses in distinguishing between individuals operating under ARSA, RSO, or other Rohingya militant groups. Militants often operate in masks, without uniforms, and under the cover of darkness and frequently without identifying their affiliations. Fortify Rights conducted interviews with Rohingya people in the Rohingya language and, at times, with English interpretation. Everyone interviewed for this report provided free, prior, and informed consent to be interviewed and for their testimony to be made public and shared. No one interviewed for this report received compensation, and all were informed of the purpose of the interview, its voluntary nature, and how the information might be used. In some cases, Fortify Rights covered minimal travel costs to ensure interviewees could participate in the interview process from secure locations. For security reasons, Fortify Rights omitted or changed the names of all eyewitnesses and survivors referenced in this report. To prevent potential reprisals, Fortify Rights also omitted specific dates, locations of incidents, and eyewitnesses’ relationships with the victims and survivors. During the investigation, Fortify Rights referred several Rohingya refugees to protection officers working with the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees or other humanitarian organizations and facilitated ongoing protection monitoring for Rohingya refugees facing significant security threats from Rohingya militant groups.