GDELT, per 1000 ACLED, per 1000 0.00 to 0.03 0.03 to 0.14 0.14 to 0.62 0.62 to 28.76 28.76 to 51.91 0.00 to 0.03 0.03 to 0.14 0.14 to 0.62 0.62 to 28.76 28.76 to 51.91 Figure 3: Locations of conflict events during June, 2016–August, 2017. The breaks coincide with the 50th, 75th, 90th, 99th, and 100th percentiles from GDELT. 4.3. Cell phone coverage Information on the locations of cell phone towers is obtained from OpenCellID. The OpenCellID project was created to serve as a data source for GSM localization. The data is mostly generated by crowdsourcing, i.e. by individual smartphone users who use apps that collect data for the OpenCellID. The measurements of cell phone tower locations are collected by devices that utilize the wireless network provided by those cell towers. Cell ID data is also obtained from other sources, including GSM network providers and databases of other apps. Globally, the OpenCellID database contains 157.89 million cells (as of April, 2019). In addition to cell tower locations, the data includes an identifier for the operator, the network technology (GMS, LTE, etc.), and date when the location measure was created. The database contains 33,137 cell tower locations in Myanmar. 14,350 of these belong to the Myanma Post and Telecommunications (MPT), and 18,787 to other mobile network providers. Appendix Figure B.4 shows the locations of MPT’s cell towers and the expansion of the network during 2015–2017. Most of the network is located in the populous Irrawaddy river valley, stretching between the three biggest cities, Yangon, the capital Nay Pyi Taw, and Mandalay. Appendix Figure B.5 shows the number of cell 10