Table C.1: Summary statistics at township level Dependent variables Conflict dummy, GDELT Conflict dummy, ACLED Conflict events, per 1000, GDELT Conflict events, per 1000, ACLED Independent variables Cell phone coverage, MPT, % Cell phone coverage, other, % Cell tower density, per 1000, MPT Cell tower density, per 1000, other providers Population Population density Female, % Urban, % Age 0-14, % Age 15-64, % Citizenship Scrutiny Card, % Other type of ID, % No ID, % Electricity, % Landline phone, % Mobile phone, % Internet at home, % Distance to major road, km Distance to railway, km Distance to nearest city, km Distance to nearest cell tower, MPT, km Distance to nearest cell tower, other, km Mean elevation, m Mean slope, degrees Mean aspect, degrees Mean St.dev 0.65 0.17 0.76 0.03 0.48 0.37 4.85 0.18 53.61 52.90 0.35 0.43 150, 360 2, 077 51.46 28.09 29.35 64.99 69.43 3.28 27.29 31.31 5.47 31.62 6.31 12.52 51.25 37.96 21.39 27.23 389.58 88.68 179.11 38.71 40.32 1.07 1.22 93, 860 7, 129 2.58 29.03 5.91 5.14 13.72 4.25 12.85 27.49 6.90 22.87 10.58 16.88 66.46 27.83 29.47 41.11 461.06 5.09 10.53 The conflict dummies take value one if a conflict event was recorded in the township during 01.01.2014–08.31.2017. Number of conflict events refers to the same time period. Cell phone coverage is the share of township area with sufficient cell phone signal. Other types of ID include Associate Scrutiny Card, Naturalized Scrutiny Card, National Registration Card, Religious Card, Temporary Registration Card, Foreign Registration Card or Foreign Passport. Electricity refers to main source of lightning. Distances are measured from township centroid. City refers to capital, state/region capital or district town (usually district capital). There are 330 townships. 34

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