TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 3
METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 5
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 6
Information Communications Landscape ................................................................................ 8
Hate speech Content .................................................................................................................. 9
From Hate Speech Violence ..................................................................................................... 11
Online Incitement ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Offline Incitement ....................................................................................................................................................................... 12
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 13
Theme 1: An Existential Physical Threat .............................................................................. 15
Illegal Immigration .................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Terrorist Threat .......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Theme 2: Threats to Burmese Purity ..................................................................................... 19
Inter-Marriage.............................................................................................................................................................................. 20
Theme 3: Threats to Religious Sanctity ................................................................................ 20
Cow Slaughter .............................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Other Social Markers ................................................................................................................................................................. 22
FACILITATORS .............................................................................................................................. 23
Organization .............................................................................................................................. 23
Activities ................................................................................................................................... 26
Channels .................................................................................................................................... 28
Newspapers and Magazines ................................................................................................................................................... 29
TV and Radio................................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Social Media .................................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Funding ...................................................................................................................................... 31
Enablers ..................................................................................................................................... 34
The USDP-led Government ..................................................................................................................................................... 35
The Opposition NLD .................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Small and Independent Politicians...................................................................................................................................... 38
Youth Activist Groups ............................................................................................................................................................... 39
Hate Speech Propagandists .................................................................................................................................................... 41
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 43
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