movement or bury the history of a resistance struggle. Over time, this leads to a distorted historical
record where people are unable to transmit their authentic culture to the next generation because the
digital infrastructure that they rely on has been subtly rigged to exclude it.
Failure of self-regulation
Self-regulation has proven demonstrably insufficient, particularly in conflict zones like Myanmar.
Relying on technology companies to police themselves creates an inherent conflict of interest between
profit and the corporate responsibility to respect human rights as outlined in the UN Guiding
Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs).
Firstly, the scale of AI operations renders manual oversight impossible, yet companies have
consistently underinvested in safety teams for non-priority markets. Whistleblower disclosures have
repeatedly shown that platforms are aware of their algorithms' harmful effects, such as amplifying
divisive content, but choose to ignore them to preserve growth and engagement, failing their due
diligence obligations.
Secondly, self-regulation fails to address the black box problem. Without external, binding
obligations, companies have no incentive to be transparent about how their AI influences cultural
discourse. Transparency cannot be voluntary but must be mandatory to ensure accountability.
Institutional frameworks and the State as violator
In Myanmar, the institutional framework is not merely ill-equipped to protect rights. It is the primary
instrument of their violation. The legal structures established by the military regime, such as the Cyber
Security Law, are designed to weaponise digital infrastructure against the people, acting as a tool of
repression rather than a safeguard. This represents a complete failure of the State's duty to protect
human rights.
Concepts like data sovereignty, which in democratic contexts might protect people from foreign
surveillance, are perverted in Myanmar to force tech companies to store data locally, where it can be
seized by the military. Therefore, strengthening domestic institutional frameworks under the current
regime would only empower the oppressor. Protection for Myanmar’s people cannot come from
within the State currently. It must come from binding international mechanisms that hold both the
military and the technology companies accountable to global human rights standards that cannot be
legislated away by a local dictatorship.
Conclusion
The intersection of AI and cultural rights in Myanmar is a battleground between creative resistance
and digital dictatorship. While AI offers a fragile lifeline for anonymity and truth-telling, its current
trajectory is overwhelmingly dominated by surveillance, censorship, and the automated erasure of
dissent.