33 | RISING REPRESSION MEETS GLOBAL RESISTANCE: INTERNET SHUTDOWNS IN 2025 That’s not all. As we have noted, in December 2025, the International Criminal Court acknowledged210 the link between shutdowns and crimes against humanity, after more than a decade of advocacy by Access Now and other members of the #KeepItOn coalition. Sustained documentation has demonstrated how shutdowns enable perpetrators to conceal violence, evade accountability, and deprive people of their rights, leading investigators to consider shutdowns as part of inquiries into grave international crimes.211 As we reflect on the 10th anniversary of the #KeepItOn campaign and coalition in 2026, we are encouraged to see the progress we are making despite the relentless increase in shutdowns. This coalition is what it is today thanks to the unwavering support and solidarity of each of the voices pushing back against digital authoritarianism and demanding change. It is vitally important to honor the resilience of affected communities, celebrate strengthened partnerships, and renew our collective commitment to end internet shutdowns worldwide. Our measurement partners have also continued to support and strengthen shutdown advocacy by moving beyond documentation to providing realtime alerts and in-depth analysis of global trends. In 2025, Internet Outage Detection and Analysis (IODA) expanded212 its platform and infrastructure to analyze large-scale throttling, generating concrete evidence of throttling and addressing longstanding challenges in detecting and documenting these often hidden disruptions. IODA also produced a practical guide213 for journalists and researchers, enabling them to access real-time and historical insights into global internet disruptions at a macro level. Cloudflare introduced new features, including the Data Explorer,214 which offers a simple Web-based interface for building complex API queries, applying comparisons and filters, and visualizing the results. These features support country and ASN-level shutdown analysis215 for advocacy and evidence gathering. The Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI) launched216 thematic censorship pages, making it easier to identify and respond to emerging censorship of platforms that are in the public interest — such as news media platforms — without sifting through raw measurements. Finally, Kentik continued to provide valuable real-time technical evidence217 and updates on shutdowns as well as detailed analysis218 of shutdown trends over time. 210 See supra note 18. International Criminal Court (2025). 211 Access Now (2024). Legal explainer: Internet and telecommunications shutdowns in the assessment of international crimes. https://www.accessnow.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Shutdowns-and-ICL-Legal-Explainer.pdf. 212 IODA (2025). Shining a light on the slowdown: IODA to track internet bandwidth throttling. https://ioda.inetintel.cc.gatech.edu/reports/shining-a-light-on-the-slowdown-ioda-to-track-internet-bandwidth-throttling/. 213 IODA (2025). Discover the New IODA brochure: a must-have resource for journalists. https://ioda.inetintel.cc.gatech.edu/reports/inside-our-new-brochure-journalists-guide-to-ioda-2/. 214 Cloudflare Radar Data Explorer (2026). https://radar.cloudflare.com/explorer?dataSet=netflows. 216 OONI (2025). Launch: New OONI explorer thematic censorship pages. https://ooni.org/post/2025-ooni-explorer-thematic-censorship-pages/. 215 Ibid. 217 Doug Madory on X (2026). https://x.com/DougMadory/status/2018728546777383103/. 218 Kentik (2026). From stealth blackout to whitelisting: inside the Iranian shutdown. https://www.kentik.com/blog/from-stealth-blackout-to-whitelisting-inside-the-iranian-shutdown/.