left-leaning individuals to comment on content as well. This activity was centered primarily around commenting on news articles posted by news organizations and public figures, rather than posting their own content. These comments included topics like trophy or sport hunting in the US and Kenya, the midterm elections in 2018, the 2020 presidential election, COVID-19, criticism of the Democratic party and presidential candidate Joe Biden, and praise of President Trump and the Republican party. Most recently, the people behind this activity commented most frequently on Pages of the Washington Post, Fox News, MSNBC, CNN and The New York Times. This network showed some links to on-platform activity by Turning Point USA. This network appears to have started its operations in 2018 and continued through 2020. Its election-focused behavior began in 2018 in the run-up to the midterms, it then went largely dormant until June 2020. The most recent activity included creating what we call “thinly veiled personas” whose names were slight variations of the names of the people behind them and whose sole activity on our platform was associated with this deceptive campaign. We assess this shift in tactics is likely due to the majority of this network’s fake accounts getting caught by our automated detection systems. We began our investigation after public reporting about some elements of this activity by the Washington Post. Although the people behind this network attempted to conceal their identities and coordination, our investigation linked this activity to Rally Forge, a US marketing firm, working on behalf of Turning Point USA and Inclusive Conservation Group. Rally Forge is now banned from Facebook. We are continuing to investigate all linked networks, and will take action as appropriate if we determine they are engaged in deceptive behavior. • Presence on Facebook and Instagram: 202 Facebook accounts, 54 Pages and 76 Instagram accounts. (Updated on November 6, 2020 at 9:00AM PT to reflect the latest numbers.) • Followers: About 372,500 accounts followed one or more of these Pages and around 22,000 people followed one or more of these Instagram accounts. (Updated on November 6, 2020 at 9:00AM PT to reflect the latest numbers.) • Advertising: Around $1.15 million in spending for ads on Facebook and Instagram paid for in US dollars. This includes the entirety of advertising activity by both inauthentic and authentic accounts removed as part of this network. (Updated on November 6, 2020 at 9:00AM PT to reflect the latest numbers.) Below is a sample of the content posted by some of these Pages and accounts: