3 Chapter 3 Sector-Level Impacts In this Chapter: A. Introduction B. Current State of the ICT Sector in Myanmar • Telecommunications • Internet Infrastructure and Internet Services C. Sector-Wide Impacts • Economic Impacts • Governance Impacts • Cultural Impacts • Social Impacts • Environmental Impacts A. Introduction As the number of Internet users, and mobile penetration rates, in Myanmar continue to increase, various opportunities and potential human rights risks require the attention of Government, private sector, and civil society organisations. This section of the Report examines aggregate or “sector-wide” impacts on human rights – both positive and negative – which can result from the ICT rollout in Myanmar. These include economic, social and governance impacts on human rights, such as the right to an adequate standard of living, education and highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. This Chapter is intended to highlight the importance to Government of consideration of the broader implications of its policies and laws (or lack thereof). For companies, it identifies wider risks the Myanmar operating context poses to responsible business conduct and in turn the wider impacts that business operations can create for Myanmar society and therefore the wider context of its “social license to operate” beyond its legal license to operate. Where gaps exist, there may be a need for collective action, possibly with a range of stakeholders. For civil society, the Chapter sets out an overall picture of the sector and useful information on the wider impacts of the sector, both negative and positive. And finally for donors or other development partners providing support and assistance, the Chapter is a reminder of the wider context for their support, the interconnections between many of these issues and a prompt to consider the wider implications beyond the four corners of their projects. Table 24 shows the ICT value chain that is emerging in Myanmar. Tables at the end of this Chapter provide details of some of the main companies operating in each part of the value chain in Myanmar. 86 PAGE CHAPTER 3: SECTOR-LEVEL IMPACTS