Electronic Transactions Act (2004) Computer Science Development Law (1996) − 7-15y imprisonment and/or fines for using technology to do acts detrimental to “state security” or “community peace and tranquillity” and other vague and undefined terms: s33(1) & (b) − 5y imprisonment and/or fines for creating, modifying or distributing information detrimental “to the interest of or to lower the dignity of any organisation or any person”: s34(d) 2 − Broad powers granted to a “Control Board” able to access and inspect any ICT it has “reasonable cause” to suspect was involved in an offence under the Act: Ch. V.9 − 7-15y imprisonment for anyone using a computer or network to engage in “any act” which undermines e.g. “state security” or “community peace and tranquillity” and other vague and undefined terms: s35 2013 Telecommunications Law Background, Scope and Objectives The recent Telecommunications Law (No. 31/2013) was adopted in October 2013, revoking the 1885 Myanmar Telegraph Act and 1934 Myanmar Wireless Telegraphy Act. 90 It also reportedly replaces the Wide Area Network Order (No. 3/2002). Objectives of the 2013 Telecommunications Law include: 91  Supporting the modernisation and development of the nation with telecommunications technology  Enabling telecommunications services that will be able to provide high quality and worthy (sic) services to users by allowing fair and transparent competition from domestic and abroad in the telecommunications sector which is developing  Giving more opportunities to the general public to use the telecommunications service by expanding the telecommunications network in the entire country along with the telecommunications technology which is developing  Protecting telecommunications service providers and users in accord with the law, including through consumer protection standards 90 See DFDL unofficial translation of Myanmar Telecommunications Law (No. 31/2013). 91 See Section 4, Myanmar Telecommunications Law (No. 31/2013) CHAPTER 2: ICT GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS, POLICIES & LEGAL FRAMEWORK 71

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