developed, stakeholders in the financial services industry have noted that the Central Bank of Myanmar’s recent mobile money licenses do not require service providers to adopt specific security standards. 74 The FESR’s operational period is shortly coming to an end in 2015. As such, it is important that the Government’s other ICT policy frameworks (see below) reinforce the FESR’s commitment to people-centred development by adopting clear and justifiable limits on Government involvement in and access to the ICT sector that are aligned with international standards and best practice (see Recommendations to the Government of Myanmar). The 2011-2015 ICT Master Plan Prior to the FESR (see above), the Government’s reform commitments to liberalise the ICT sector in Myanmar were largely contained in three separate ICT Master Plans covering 2001–2005, 75 2006–2010, 76 and 2011–2015. None of the Master Plans were developed or issued by the MCIT or the Government more generally. As a result, many of the objectives lack a clear strategy for robust implementation or enforcement. Instead, the Myanmar Computer Federation (MCF) developed the most recent 2011-2015 ICT Master Plan with support from the Korean International Cooperation Agency and the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (a government supported research institute in Korea). A full version of the Master Plan is not currently available online – only a PowerPoint file providing an overview, rather than the Master Plan itself – meaning specific details as to each of the four functional areas of focus are not publicly available. The 2011–2015 ICT Master Plan adopts key objectives across four functional areas covering: infrastructure, ICT Industry, ICT Human Resource Development (HRD) and Eeducation (see Table 6). It sets out various ambitious objectives that are positive from a human rights and social development perspective, including the creation of a research and development centre for ICT security, establishing national software institutes and ICT teacher training programs, and providing Internet access to 1,000 high schools. The results of the 2011-2015 Master Plan have been mixed, at least in part due to the fact that the Master Plan has not been adopted or enforced as an official Government policy framework. While various objectives such as growing total subscribers (to 30 million by 2015), increasing tele-density (the number of telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants) to 50% by 2015 77 and licensing private operators in the telecommunications sector have been realised, a number of objectives have not yet been achieved. These include (but are not limited to) promoting Myanmar as an ICT outsourcing destination globally, the majority of the stated e-education initiatives and developing a Cyber Information Act. In addition, the 2011–2015 ICT Master Plan did not address gaps in the legal framework governing 74 See Myanmar Times, “Preparing the Financial System for Digital Attacks”, (March 2015). 75 Prepared by the Myanmar Computer Federation (MCF). 76 Prepared by the MCF and Republic of Korea under the Initiative for ASEAN Integration. 77 MCIT noted that 50% mobile penetration (28.1 million SIM cards) was achieved as of June 2015. See: Myanmar Times, “Mobile Penetration Reaches Half the Country” (June 2015). CHAPTER 2: ICT GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS, POLICIES & LEGAL FRAMEWORK 63 2