4 4.2   terms of service that are aligned with international human rights standards (given that the government currently does not have clear laws or guidance on this issue) and a transparent and accessible process for users to report content they consider hate speech. One company has developed a ‘market specific’ reporting mechanism unique to the Myanmar context, with an option to report specific kinds of content. One option is to report content that is, “hateful towards a race, religion, gender, sexual orientation or ability. Examples: racism, insulting religious groups, anti-gay posts”. Another is to report content which is, “a rumour or false information. Examples: false news stories, rumour based on the conflict of religious groups”. Promote awareness of Terms of Service and reporting mechanisms. Overall there is a low level of awareness of the impact of hate speech in Myanmar, and what may or may not be acceptable to post online. Many users in Myanmar are unaware of reporting functions, or do not know how to use them, or understand what action the company may take if they do report content. Companies could consider initiating a public awareness campaign focused on platform-specific guidelines and the impacts of hate speech spread through media. Materials need to be translated into local languages. Facebook Community Standards are now available in Burmese. Develop other options to respond to hate speech: Efforts are underway by civil society to educate users and combat hate speech in society. Telcos and over the top companies appear aware of the issue of hate speech in Myanmar, and some are supporting local groups to spread messages of non-violence. For example, Panzagar aims to promote responsible use of social media, and raise awareness of the implications resulting from online behavior. Panzagar has partnered with local graphic designers and Facebook to create a set of online ‘stickers’ with cartoons and peaceful messages, similar to emoticons, which can be downloaded and inserted onto user profiles, or included in online chat functions. 310 D. Relevant International Standards and Guidance on Hate Speech Relevant International Standards:  UN OHCHR, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression” A/67/357 (7h September 2012).  OHCHR “Rabat Plan of Action on the Prohibition of Advocacy of National, Racial or Religious Hatred that Constitutes Incitement to Discrimination, Hostility or Violence” (2012). Relevant Guidance:  ARTICLE 19, “Towards an interpretation of Article 20 of the ICCPR: Thresholds for the prohibition of incitement to hatred (Work in Progress)”. A study prepared for the regional expert meeting on article 20, Organised by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Vienna, February 89, 2010.  The Dangerous Speech Project   United States Institute of Peace, Wielding Technology to Combat Dangerous Speech in Myanmar – PeaceTech Exchange Myanmar NipeUkweli – This is an initiative based in Kenya to counter negative online content by correcting false statements and spreading positive messages. 310 Global Voices, “Can #Panzagar ‘Flower Speech’ Facebook Stickers End Hate Speech in Myanmar?” (22 Feb 2015). 150 PAGE CHAPTER 4.2: HATE SPEECH