4 4.1 the killing of protesters, the Government responded by shutting down Internet and mobile phone service. At the time Internet services provided by both MPT and Bagan Cybertech went down from September 29 to October 4, 2007. This was followed by a partial shutdown from 4-12 October during which access was restricted to late night hours between 22:00 and 04:00. 251 Table 36: Impacts of Government-Ordered Shutdowns or Service Disruptions The impacts on human rights, the economy and national and personal security during network and service disruption can include:                 Restrictions on freedom of expression and access to information that may not be legal, necessary or proportionate. Injured people are unable to call emergency services, and emergency services are unable to communicate and locate people. People are unable to assure friends and relatives they are safe, causing panic. People are unable to call for help to be rescued from areas where protests are happening. Authorities are unable to disseminate important information to move people to safety, or to calm a concerned population. Human rights groups are unable to monitor situations effectively. Small businesses are unable to operate and livelihoods are affected. For example, businesses are unable to access data held in the cloud. Mobile banking transactions, relied on by millions of people, cannot take place. Transmission of health information on mobile phones also cannot take place. Students cannot access educational material. Doctors/ health workers are unable to access research or communicate in real time with each other. Other popular services carried out via mobile communications such as voting and birth registration are disrupted. Other services dependent on radio network may be disrupted e.g. cashpoints (ATM), public transport information. In national security emergencies, functioning communications are essential for an effective lawful interception system to help law enforcement locate and track people planning terrorist activity, subject to the process of law, court authorisation and sufficient oversight. Crimes cannot be reported to police via mobile phone. Hostages are unable to communicate with police. More recently, Myanmar’s Internet access went down for 1 hour and 19 minutes on 5 August 2013. Given its proximity to the anniversary of the 1988 uprising, there was speculation that the outage was intentional, though officially attributed to a damaged fibre optic cable near the SEA-ME-WE 3 submarine cable landing station in Pyapon. 252 251 Open 252 Net Initiative “Pulling the Plug: A Technical Review of the Internet Shutdown in Burma” (2007). Irrawaddy “Burma’s Internet Delays Continue Ahead Of 88 Uprising Anniversary” (5 August 2013). 128 PAGE CHAPTER 4.1: FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION