This includes hardware, software, and educational material or user manuals. It also refers
to meeting a user’s local needs, 170 which can be achieved through supporting content
creation in local languages and offering relevant applications. Content that is relevant to a
farmer may be different from content relevant to a younger urbanite. 171
Inclusive development in the ICT sector will depend on the accessibility of ICTs, beyond
functioning telecommunications networks. Users must be able to interact with technology,
produce and consume content, and communicate in their local language across a
multitude of devices and software. For all services, providing users with the option of
interacting with the software’s user interface in their local language will support a user’s
familiarity with managing profiles, accounts, and devices. For social media, this might
include translating community standards and instructions on how to use content reporting
mechanisms into the local language. Analysis by the International Development Research
Centre (IDRC) emphasises that the components of language localisation are
interdependent and that localisation extends beyond basic communication, impacting
“matters of culture that are inherently political, economic and social in nature”. 172
For users in Myanmar, interacting with online services is still a new experience, including
how to set up accounts for email and social media services. Around various
neighbourhoods in Yangon and Mandalay, street vendors offer to set up individual
Facebook and Gmail accounts for new Myanmar users, charging from 1,000 to 5,000
MMK. Currently, localisation debates in Myanmar centres on which type of font to use.
There are currently two options available to users: Zawgyi font (commonly used with
��Bagan Keyboard’ app for Android phones) and Unicode fonts such as Myanmar 3.
Unicode itself is not a font, but a universal encoding system that enables people around
the world to use computers in any language. Fonts themselves can be compliant with the
Unicode standard. Unicode features standardised character ordering, which allows for
consistent searching in search engines or databases, sorting, and information retrieval
across multiple platforms, countries and languages. Outside of Myanmar the majority of
websites are also encoded using Unicode (popular examples include Facebook and
Wikipedia) and large commercial software and hardware providers such as Apple,
Microsoft, and Google now support Unicode in their newest products by default.
Zawgyi is the predominantly used Myanmar language font, but uses a different system to
Unicode to encode text to data and data to text. Characters in Zawgyi font can be entered
in various ways, creating problems for search and retrieval, whereas Unicode is
standardised. If a user does not have Zawgyi font installed on their Android device, they
will not be able to read anything typed in Zawgyi. Regardless of the technical benefits of
Unicode, the majority of Myanmar users continue to use Zawgyi font based on familiarity.
170
Sarmad Hussain and Ram Mohan, “Localisation in Asia Pacific” Digital Review of Asia Pacific (last
accessed August 2015).
171 See PAN Localisation, “Expanding Digital Literacy through Localized ICTs Experiences of PAN
Localization Project 2007 – 2010” (2012), pg 46. The study found that the development and effective
distribution of relevant local content,171 combined with localised ICTs, built digital literacy faster. Researchers
in the study noted, “…After training on localised ICTs, non-users of the computer were not only using the
computers for routine tasks but also provided trainings to others”.
172 Chaitali Sinha & Raymond Hyma, “Connecting ICTs to Development: The IDRC Experience” (2013) p102
CHAPTER 3: SECTOR-LEVEL IMPACTS
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