This includes hardware, software, and educational material or user manuals. It also refers to meeting a user’s local needs, 170 which can be achieved through supporting content creation in local languages and offering relevant applications. Content that is relevant to a farmer may be different from content relevant to a younger urbanite. 171 Inclusive development in the ICT sector will depend on the accessibility of ICTs, beyond functioning telecommunications networks. Users must be able to interact with technology, produce and consume content, and communicate in their local language across a multitude of devices and software. For all services, providing users with the option of interacting with the software’s user interface in their local language will support a user’s familiarity with managing profiles, accounts, and devices. For social media, this might include translating community standards and instructions on how to use content reporting mechanisms into the local language. Analysis by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) emphasises that the components of language localisation are interdependent and that localisation extends beyond basic communication, impacting “matters of culture that are inherently political, economic and social in nature”. 172 For users in Myanmar, interacting with online services is still a new experience, including how to set up accounts for email and social media services. Around various neighbourhoods in Yangon and Mandalay, street vendors offer to set up individual Facebook and Gmail accounts for new Myanmar users, charging from 1,000 to 5,000 MMK. Currently, localisation debates in Myanmar centres on which type of font to use. There are currently two options available to users: Zawgyi font (commonly used with ��Bagan Keyboard’ app for Android phones) and Unicode fonts such as Myanmar 3. Unicode itself is not a font, but a universal encoding system that enables people around the world to use computers in any language. Fonts themselves can be compliant with the Unicode standard. Unicode features standardised character ordering, which allows for consistent searching in search engines or databases, sorting, and information retrieval across multiple platforms, countries and languages. Outside of Myanmar the majority of websites are also encoded using Unicode (popular examples include Facebook and Wikipedia) and large commercial software and hardware providers such as Apple, Microsoft, and Google now support Unicode in their newest products by default. Zawgyi is the predominantly used Myanmar language font, but uses a different system to Unicode to encode text to data and data to text. Characters in Zawgyi font can be entered in various ways, creating problems for search and retrieval, whereas Unicode is standardised. If a user does not have Zawgyi font installed on their Android device, they will not be able to read anything typed in Zawgyi. Regardless of the technical benefits of Unicode, the majority of Myanmar users continue to use Zawgyi font based on familiarity. 170 Sarmad Hussain and Ram Mohan, “Localisation in Asia Pacific” Digital Review of Asia Pacific (last accessed August 2015). 171 See PAN Localisation, “Expanding Digital Literacy through Localized ICTs Experiences of PAN Localization Project 2007 – 2010” (2012), pg 46. The study found that the development and effective distribution of relevant local content,171 combined with localised ICTs, built digital literacy faster. Researchers in the study noted, “…After training on localised ICTs, non-users of the computer were not only using the computers for routine tasks but also provided trainings to others”. 172 Chaitali Sinha & Raymond Hyma, “Connecting ICTs to Development: The IDRC Experience” (2013) p102 CHAPTER 3: SECTOR-LEVEL IMPACTS 105 3

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