Summary As of the end of July 2024, data collected by Data for Myanmar shows that from February 2022 to July 2024, 1,691 online users were arrested due to their online expression on social media or online communications, particularly for opposing the Myanmar military and supporting pro-democracy movements and resistance groups. On average, around 54 online users were arrested each month. In July alone, 33 users were arrested across 24 townships. In 2022, 874 individuals were arrested, followed by 615 in 2023, and 202 in 2024 (up to the end of July). Compared to 2022, the monthly arrest rate has gradually declined in 2023 and 2024. The majority of those arrested—806 individuals—were online users from Yangon and Mandalay regions, with most arrests related to their online expression. Background Following the military coup, the Myanmar military has made numerous efforts to control key social networks and online platforms critical to pro-democracy movements. These efforts include internet shutdowns, blocking websites, and restricting access to popular platforms like Facebook to prevent public use. On January 25, 2022, the State Administrative Council (SAC) announced that anyone inciting, spreading propaganda, or making threats on social networks could be prosecuted under various laws, including Section 52(a) of the Anti-Terrorism Law, Section 124-A and Section 505-A of the Penal Code, and Section 33(a) of the Electronic Communications Act. The Myanmar military also used state-run media to warn the public against playing "PDF Games" (games supporting resistance groups) and engaging in hate speech. Arrests related to online activities began in February 2022. The military not only monitors online posts but also conducts physical checks at security checkpoints, inspecting phones and arresting individuals based on their online content. Pro-military Telegram channels have also been used to gather and share personal information, pressuring and facilitating the arrests of online users for their posts. Initially, the focus was mainly on content posted on Facebook, the most widely used social media platform. However, by 2023 and 2024, the military expanded its surveillance to include TikTok content. Among those arrested were high-profile figures such as artists, actors, and journalists. These arrests are regularly reported in daily news and pro-military media outlets.