(I) CONTEXT-DOMINANT POVERTY In several states/regions, the observed MPI headcount significantly exceeds the predicted levels, indicating that contextual factors, such as conflict exposure, displacement, restricted mobility, infrastructure damage, market fragmentation and disrupted service delivery, substantially raise poverty above what household characteristics alone would generate. The largest gaps appear in Rakhine and Kayah, where around two thirds of households are multidimensionally poor, far above what the structural characteristics of their populations would predict. In Rakhine, prolonged access restrictions, displacement and the cumulative effects of conflict compound deprivation well beyond householdlevel risk factors. In Kayah, repeated displacement cycles, insecurity and market fragmentation produce a similar pattern. In Kayah and Rakhine, poverty is 25 percentage points or more above what household characteristics alone would predict. The households are not unusually disadvantaged in their education or employment. What sets them apart is where they live and what has happened around them. Notably, Ayeyarwady shows a nine-percentage-point gap that exceeds the statistical threshold, indicating a substantial context-dominant pattern. This is consistent with the state's exposure to recurrent flooding, geographic isolation in delta areas, and market constraints that raise deprivation above what household characteristics alone would explain. Persona 1: Context-dominant poverty11 Khu Bua Reh is living in Kayah and has been displaced multiple times due to conflict. With primary education, Khu Bua Reh relies on irregular agricultural and casual labour. Despite being willing and able to work, livelihood options are severely constrained by insecurity and repeated displacement. Agricultural activities are frequently interrupted by access restrictions, land abandonment and damage to tools and inputs. Casual labour opportunities are sporadic and often unsafe to reach due to mobility constraints. Markets operate intermittently, leading to shortages and price volatility that force the household to reduce food consumption and rely on negative coping strategies. Access to healthcare is highly constrained, with facilities distant, under-resourced or inaccessible during periods of heightened insecurity. Schooling for children is repeatedly disrupted by displacement and school closures, undermining educational continuity regardless of household or parental preferences. 11 The three personas presented in this section, namely Khu Bua Reh (context-dominant), U Myaing (structure-dominant), and Ma Nu (high structural vulnerability), are composite representations based on patterns identified in the PPS 2025 survey data. They are not portraits of actual individuals but are constructed from survey responses to illustrate how the three poverty profiles manifest in lived experience across different geographic and social contexts. L AYE R S O F DE P R I VAT I O N : M u l t i di m en si on a l Pov er t y i n M y anmar 21