3/4/22, 1:38 PM Managing a digital revolution: cyber security capacity building in Myanmar - Routledge Companion to Global Cyber-Security Strategy government in five societal dimensions; cyber security strategy and policy, cy'ber security culture and society, cyber security education, training and skills, as well as on standards, organizations, and technologies. However, it is not clear to what extent the Myanmar government has had the capacity to follow up on the recommendations identified in this study. The outreach to Oxford also highlights an important issue for Myanmar going forward, namely which approach and understanding of cyber security will be implemented. States approach cy'ber security from two main vantage points: one being championed by' western states and forming the basis for initiatives like the Oxford review takes a multistakeholder approach to cy'ber security where this security' is conceptualized as a public good. The other camp, most prominently championed by Russia and China, has a more state-centric approach to cy'ber security. This “cyber sovereign” approach does not separate state authority' in cy'berspace from state authority over the physical domain, and as such implies larger acceptance for surveillance and control. The majority' of states, however, do not fall into one of these categories but are understood as either uncommitted or “digital deciders”; states who are undecided but who have significant regional influence. For the ASEAN region Singapore is one such critical case that could have large regional influence, and a relationship that is worth paying attention to. However, the most crucial relationship for Myanmar has historically been China. As long as Myanmar was a pariah state globally its relationship with its giant northern neighbor resembled that of a client state. China has also been tentatively identified as the culprit in several espionage campaigns where Myanmar was one of the victims. A 2015 FireEye investigation into the APT 30 group found that the group had been active in targeting ASEAN member-states (like Myanmar) for several years. While the group’s targets pointed towards the Chinese government, the group has not as of yet been definitely linked to any actor (FireEye, 2015). A similar pattern vas evident in the 2015 Arbor Networks investigation into the “Trochilus” campaign (Metzger, 2016). While both reports are hesitant at attributing China directly, other experts have hinted toward China being the likely l it Th td ti ti h h d th l ti hi b t https://ebrary.net/173520/political_science/managing_digital_revolution_cyber_security_capacity_building_myanmar#aftercont th t 7/19