Exploiting Ethnic Conflicts in Attempt to Consolidate Military Control 4.2 Exploitation by the Junta Following the onset of Operation 1027, pro-military Telegram channels portrayed the MNDAA’s combat activities as “an invasion by Chinese descendants who cannot speak Burmese or do not use Myanmar currency”. Additionally, this invasion was framed as the territorial reclamation of Chinese people in accordance with their ancient Chinese map. The channels incited Chinese-Myanmar conflicts by urging Myanmar people to be wary of this invasion and to protect their territories. Ultranationalists who support the military held protest events, urging China not to be involved in the northern Shan conflicts. In these events, Burmese-nationalist symbols such as Burmese language, Myanmar flag, and Buddhism were used extensively. The MNDAA were also accused of discrimination and oppression targeting Burmans. The channels also triggered Chinese-Myanmar conflicts by claiming that only Chinese and other ethnic people were accepted in Kokang while Burmans were not welcomed; only Chinese Yuan is recognized as the sole currency; and that Chinese is forcibly used as the conducting language in schools”. These claims were also depicted as the destruction of cultures and values of native people, employing the distinction between Chinese and Burmans as well as native and non-natives. After the video of an individual in MNDAA uniforms smashing a pagoda with sledgehammer went viral on social media, pro-military Telegram channels perpetuated ethnic and religious tensions by spreading the video. During January 2024, pro-military ultranationalists condemned the MNDAA throughout the country. They also disseminated hate speeches delivered by ultranationalists, Naymingyi Sayardaw from Pa-O region and U Wasawa from Sagaing’s Kanbalu, who leads militias. Pro-military Telegram channels claimed that “more than 200,000 monks had already enlisted to receive military training” to compel young people to accept military conscription. Furthermore, Ethnic Revolutionary Organizations were depicted as heretics and threats to Buddhism. They also highlighted the allegations that the MNDAA’s leaders ordered to wipe out Burmese cultures and Buddhism in their controlled areas. The disunity of Burmans fueled the MNDAA’s actions 25

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