In 2025, Meta removed additional Facebook pages related to Sonshine Media Network International (SMNI), the broadcast media arm of the church Kingdom of Jesus Christ (KOJC), headed by Apollo Quiboloy312. Quiboloy is an influential pastor and a known close ally of Rodrigo Duterte. However, following the rift between the Duterte and Marcos Jr. camps, he has been facing several charges, including child abuse, sexual abuse, and human trafficking, and was subsequently arrested in September 2024313, 314. At the time of his arrest, KOJC was reported to have seven million followers315. SMNI News Channel has played a controversial and influential role in Philippine politics. It ran propaganda campaigns for Duterte and attacked journalists and government critics316. The outlet was found to be particularly engaged in red-tagging, which is the practice of labeling an individual as a communist317. During the 2022 election, it specifically attacked Leni Robredo and her running mate, Kiko Pangilinan—who were running against Marcos Jr. and Sara Duterte—by linking them to the communist movement318, 319. An investigation by Rappler, an independent media outlet in the Philippines, found that SMNI News was among the top content sources of red-tagging networks320. According to SMNI, at least 21 of its accounts on Facebook, YouTube, and TikTok have been disabled since 2023321. Aside from the suspension of additional pages by Meta in Mateo, Janvic. “Meta Takes Down SMNI Facebook Pages.” The Philippine Star, 20 Mar. 2025, www.philstar. com/headlines/2025/03/20/2429705/meta-takes-down-smni-facebook-pages. 313. Beltran, Sam. “Apollo Quiboloy’s Senate Bid Tests ‘Unholy’ Grip of Religion on Philippines Politics.” South China Morning Post, 13 Oct. 2024, www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3282055/apollo-quiboloys-senate-bid-tests-unholy-grip-religion-philippines-politics. 314. Guinto, Joel, and Virma Simonette. “Apollo Quiboloy: Fugitive Pastor Arrested for Sex Crimes.” BBC News, 9 Sep. 2024, www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75npd1xw9qo. 315. Ibid. 316. Baizas, Gaby, and Pauline Macaraeg. “Quiboloy’s SMNI Fuels Disinformation, Online Attacks on Gov’t Critics.” Rappler, 6 Feb. 2022, www.rappler.com/technology/social-media/apollo-quiboloysonshine-media-network-disinformation-attacks-government-critics. 317. Lalu, Gabriel Pabico. “House Reps Scold SMNI for Red-Tagging, Being ‘a Tool for Misinformation.’” Inquirer.net, 6 Dec. 2023, newsinfo.inquirer.net/1871265/smni-scolded-for-past-attacks-red-tagging-ofrobredo-solons-its-a-tool-for-misinformation. 318. “NET25 and SMNI Propaganda Provokes Questions on Their Role in Spreading Disinformation.” CMFR, 5 June 2022, cmfr-phil.org/in-context/net25-and-smni-propaganda-provokes-questions-ontheir-role-in-spreading-disinformation. 319. Baizas, Gaby, and Pauline Macaraeg. “Quiboloy’s SMNI Fuels Disinformation, Online Attacks on Gov’t Critics.” Rappler, 6 Feb. 2022, www.rappler.com/technology/social-media/apollo-quiboloysonshine-media-network-disinformation-attacks-government-critics. 320. Hapal, Don Kevin, and Raisa Serafica. “New War: How the Propaganda Network Shifted From Targeting ‘Addicts’ to Activists.” Rappler, 3 Oct. 2021, www.rappler.com/newsbreak/investigative/howpropaganda-network-created-online-environment-justifies-shifted-killing-activists. 321. Mateo, Janvic. “Meta Takes Down SMNI Facebook Pages.” The Philippine Star, 20 Mar. 2025, www.philstar. com/headlines/2025/03/20/2429705/meta-takes-down-smni-facebook-pages. 312. 69