Exploring the Nexus between Technologies and Human Rights 18 however, these are digital devices that make use of digital technologies and therefore are still considered as “digital”. It is worth mentioning that the conceptual fuzziness between online and digital is present also in academic literature. The terms of digital rights and Internet freedom, for example, have often been used interchangeably to refer to the same thing8. The nuance between “online” and “digital” points at two different views of what “digital” means, forking the discussions on the topic into two directions. The first is to view the digital and online as spaces which stand separate from spaces that are analogue, or offline (e.g., “human rights as it is effected in digital spaces and technologies” (A1), “ensure human rights online are same as offline” (A2), and “civil, human, labour, consumer rights in the digital environment” (A3)). In this viewpoint, the translation of existing human rights into these spaces is the basis of digital rights – one respondent claimed that there are no new rights, only a different application and interpretation of existing rights into digital spaces. The second viewpoint sees the digital as a data representation of physical entities. A definition provided by another respondent, drawing from his organisation’s understanding of digital rights, was that digital rights are “basic principles protecting representational entities in digital spaces” (A5). In this view, digital rights infringements on individuals happen when their data is mistreated, hence, one “protects the analogue by protecting the digital” (A6). These two views of the digital can be applied to some of the rights listed in Section B of Table 2, as rephrased and categorised in Table 3. The separation of these two different paradigms of the digital enables us to achieve a clearer view of digital rights according to different standpoints. One view seeks to adapt existing rights into a different space, and the other addresses “new” rights that focus on the centrality of digital data. 8 One example from the literature can be seen in a paper by Remensperger et al. (2018) titled “Using research in digital rights advocacy”, subtitled “Understanding the research needs of the Internet freedom community”, implying that digital rights and Internet freedom are one and the same.