Athens Journal of Law
July 2022
defence ministry with 49%.96 A further 28% are held by a conglomerate belonging
to Myanmar’s military. 97 The remaining shares are held by a Myanmar consortium
of 11 local companies.98
On 28 August and 18 December 2018, Facebook removed Facebook pages,
Facebook groups, Facebook accounts, and Instagram accounts for coordinated
inauthentic behaviour on Facebook.99 The sites were “seemingly independent
news, entertainment, beauty and lifestyle pages”. 100 The pages were traced back to
the Tatmadaw. Gleicher pointed out that:
“[t]his kind of behaviour is not allowed on Facebook under our misrepresentation
policy because we don’t want people or organisations creating networks of accounts
to mislead others about who they are, or what they’re doing […] . Our decision to
remove these Pages was based on the behaviour of these actors rather than on the
type of content they were posting. 101
The Tatmadaw True News Information Team Facebook page was set up in
June 2020 “to provide ‘accurate news’ ahead of the November election”.102 In
hindsight, the Tatmadaw was setting the scene for the military “to allege voter
fraud as a pretext for the coup”. 103
Social Media and Non-State Actors
Since 2009 the armed ethnic group the Arakan Army used sophisticated posts
and videos on social media to promote its aim for “greater rights and autonomy for
the Rakhine Buddhist community”. 104 It also used the platform for soliciting
donations and recruiting new members. 105 Mobile internet and social media were
also used for command and control and gathering intelligence. Facebook has had
limited success in removing the sites as the Arakan Army obviously has highly
skilled social media operatives.
Reuters searched the internet and “found more than 1,000 examples of posts,
comments and pornographic images attacking the Rohingya and other Muslims on
Facebook”. 106 Almost all of the posts were in Burmese. Some of the material had
been “on Facebook for as long as six years”.107
In 2019 a copy of Radio Free Asia called Radio Free Myanmar (RFM)
appeared. 108 Its role was to spread disinformation, usually about the NLD and the
Rohingya Muslims. Frontier Myanmar also found that RFM operated “a network
96
Ibid.
Ibid.
98
Ibid.
99
Gleicher (2018).
100
Ibid.
101
Ibid.
102
Domino (2021, 20 April 2022).
103
Ibid.
104
International Crisis Group. (2021).
105
Ibid.
106
Stecklow (2018).
107
Ibid.
108
Banyan Kyaw, Phone Htet Naung, Beatson & Nachemson (2020).
97
319
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4150894