widespread use of artificial intelligence. All presidential candidates, which are Prabowo Subianto, Anies Baswedan, Ganjar Pranowo, used artificial intelligence (AI) technology in their campaign. The extensive use of AI during the election has led the government to plan for a policy to regulate the use of the technology. The election campaign also saw the rise of the TikTok short-video platform to target young voters. These are the under-40s, which comprised 52% of the registered voters, including one-third who are under the age of 30 94. The rebranding of Prabowo Subianto, who was defeated twice as a presidential candidate in 2014 and 2019, also uses TikTok extensively to reach out to young voters. Prabowo is a former military general and son-in-law of former dictator Suharto, who ruled Indonesia for over 30 years. His career as a military general is strongly associated with serious human rights violations. During the campaign, threats against dissidents and political opposition continue to be documented. For instance, President Jokowi claimed that he knows the strategies of political parties due to his access to intelligence reports. The claim 94 95 96 97 may be an indicator of the use of spyware against political opponents that have been reported over the years, although how it has been used is still a question. 2. Legal and Policy Developments In 2023, the government amended the controversial ITE Law for the second time. The law was first enacted in 2008 to, among others, safeguard the rights of individuals navigating online spaces. It was the first law to tackle information technology and electronic transactions in Indonesia 95 . However, due to its broad scope, the ITE Law has been consistently used to crack down on free speech over the years. The ITE Law’s provisions that threaten free speech remained intact after its first revision in 2016. Joko Widodo then ordered a review of a law in 202196. Indonesia’s parliament finalized the second revision on December 5, 2023, in a process that was opaque and did not consider public feedback on the draft97. The revisions included narrowing of the legal definition of defamation, reduction of maximum sentences from four to two years, and requiring a higher burden of Karmini, Niniek. “Indonesia Election: All You Need to Know.” AP News, 14 Feb. 2024, apnews.com/article/ indonesia-presidential-legislative-election-explainer-ddcfd22da36645ed521c564421608405. “ITE Law Aims to Protect, Manage Electronic Information, Transactions.” The Jakarta Post, 27 Oct. 2016, www. thejakartapost.com/news/2016/10/27/ite-law-aims-to-protect-manage-electronic-informationtransactions.html. Maulia, Erwida. “Jokowi Orders Cyberlaw Review as Libel Claims Soar in Indonesia.” Nikkei Asia, 4 Mar. 2021, asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Jokowi-orders-cyberlaw-review-as-libel-claims-soar-in-Indonesia. Rahayu, Kurnia Yunita. “Pembahasan Revisi UU ITE Tidak Transparan.” KOMPAS.id, 5 July 2023, www. kompas.id/baca/polhuk/2023/07/05/pembahasan-revisi-uu-ite-tidak-transparan. 36