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See “Myanmar: End Largest World’s Largest Internet Shutdown.”
See UNHRC Report.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Badenoch, “Translating the State.”
Dolan and Gray, “Media and Conflict in Myanmar”; McLaughlin, “How Facebook’s Rise
Fueled Chaos and Confusion”; and UNHRC Report.
Dolan and Gray, “Media and Conflict in Myanmar.”
See “Daily Briefing in Relation to the Military Coup.”
See “Myanmar Junta Limits Internet”; and Giella, “Myanmar Military Restricting Internet
Access.”
Williams, More than Tongue Can Tell.
Ibid., 3.
Kymlicka, “Culturally Responsive Policies”; Bear Nicholas, Linguistic Decline and the
Educational Gap; and Voulgarakis and Dawei, “Confronting Linguistic Genocide.”
Abdelal, Measuring Identity; Kuzio, “History, Memory and Nation Building in Post-Soviet
Space”; and Kolstø, “Nation-building and Language Standardization.”
Brown and Ganguly, Fighting Words; Kymlicka, “Nation-building and Minority Rights”;
and Davies and Dubinsky, Language Conflict and Language Rights.
Diarmait, Language, Identity and Conflict, 150.
Simons and Fennig, Ethnologue: Languages of Asia.
Davies and Dubinsky, Language Conflict and Language Rights.
Kratz, “Indonesia: Language Situation.”
Giles, Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations.
Ibid.
Diarmait, Language, Identity and Conflict, 14; and Ferguson, “Diglossia.”
Giles, Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations; Smolicz, “Core Values and Cultural
Identity”; and Bradley, “Language Attitudes.”
Ibid.
Allen, “The Effect of Majority Language Exposure”; and Gabanamotse-Mogara and Batibo,
“Ambivalence Regarding Linguistic and Cultural Choices.”
Risager, “Language Hierarchies”; and Smalley, “Thailand’s Hierarchy of Multilingualism.”
Silverstine, “The Uses and Utility of Ideology.”
Irvine and Gal, “Language Ideology”; and Woodlard, “Language Ideology.”
Diarmait, Language, Identity and Conflict, 130.
Webber, “Order in Diversity.”
Aitchison and Carter, A Geography of the Welsh Language; and Aitchison and Carter,
Language, Economy and Society.
Appadurai, “The Production of Locality,” 218.
Cunliffe, “The Welsh Language on the Internet”; and Cunliffe, “Minority Languages and
Social Media,” 451.
Crystal, Language and the Internet.
Karuss, “The World’s Languages in Crisis.”
Facebook languages were counted in March 2020 on an official Facebook page of some
users, and all users identified 111 ‘Facebook languages’ on the Facebook mobile app and the
web version.
Interviews with Facebook, 17 December 2020.
Ibid.
Dowling, “Shooting the (Facebook) Messenger.”
Lall and South, “Comparing Models.”
Ranzato, “Recent Advances.”
Smalley, “Thailand’s Hierarchy of Multilingualism.”
Jingphaw is the main language used by the eponymous dominant non-Bamar ethnic group
residing in Kachin state. Some other ethnic groups with smaller populations, such as