Additionally, platforms must identify, monitor, and remove content vaguely defined as disrupting “peace”, spreading “rumours”, disclosing “unsuitable” information, or inciting “terrorism”, which is code in Myanmar for pro-democratic opposition groups (Arts. 31a-g). Severe penalties for non-compliance, including blocking, grant the military sweeping powers to control online platforms, undermining freedom of expression and enabling the arbitrary restriction of platforms that resist its demands (Art. 52). Conclusion The military’s Cyber Security “Law” poses a grave threat to digital rights, including privacy, security, and freedom of expression. By dismantling safeguards and granting unchecked power to the military, it creates a framework for further surveillance, security breaches, censorship, and arbitrary action. Without urgent intervention, Myanmar’s digital space will remain a tool for repression. Recommendations • International community: Advocate for targeted sanctions against officials involved in implementing the law and ensure digital rights remain a priority in diplomatic engagements. • Civil society: Provide technical and legal assistance to affected groups, including journalists and activists, to mitigate risks associated with increased surveillance and censorship. • Tech sector: Resist compliance with provisions enabling censorship and surveillance, including by interpreting all orders narrowly to best protect human rights, while providing digital tools and support to circumvent online restrictions. • United Nations: Review Myanmar’s Cyber Security Law through relevant mechanisms, such as the OHCHR, UN Special Rapporteurs on Myanmar, privacy, freedom of opinion and expression, and countering terrorism.