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Appendix: Interview Questions ● ● ● ● ● ● Background info: ○ Name ○ Age ○ Where are you from? ○ Where are you staying now? What are the most important things you use the internet for (when you can access it)? Can you tell us a story about one way that the shutdowns had a major impact on you? What do you think the government is trying to accomplish with the shutdown? What would the restoration of the internet mean to you? Are you able to get access the internet despite the shutdown? If so, how are you doing it? Bibliography Access Now. “No more internet shutdowns! Let’s #KeepItOn.” March 30, 2016. https://www.accessnow.org/no-internet-shutdowns-lets-keepiton/. Access Now. “Myanmar: drop charges against activist poet Maung Saungkha.” September 2, 2020. https://www.accessnow.org/myanmar-drop-charges-against-activist-poet-maung-saungkha/. Achiume, E. Tendayi. U.N. Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism. Racial discrimination and emerging digital technologies. U.N. Doc. A/HRC/44/57 (2020). Ahmed, Kaamil. “Gang violence erupts in Bangladesh Rohingya camps forcing families to flee.” The Guardian, October 9, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2020/oct/09/gang-violence-erupts-in-bangladesh-rohingya-camps-forcingfamilies-toflee#:~:text=Gang%20violence%20erupts%20in%20Bangladesh%20Rohingya%20camps%2 0forcing%20families%20to%20flee,Fighting%20leaves%20seven&text=Fighting%20between%20rival%20gangs%20in,is%20nig ht%2C%20it%20becomes%20hell. Alamgir, Anis. “Bangladesh is being held hostage.” Dhaka Tribune, October 12, 2020. https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2020/10/12/op-ed-bangladesh-is-being-heldhostage. Allston, Philip. U.N. Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights. Digital welfare states and human rights. U.N. Doc. A/74/493 (2019). Bachelet, Michelle. “Human rights in the digital age.” Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. October 17, 2019. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25158&LangID= E. BBC. “Bangladesh will no longer take in Myanmar refugees.” March 1, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47412704. BBC. “Coronavirus: Bangladesh locks down a million in Rohingya camps.” April 9, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52227924. BBC. “Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo: Reuters journalists freed in Myanmar.” May 7, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48182712. 40

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Lockdown and Shutdown: Exposing the Impacts of Recent Network Disruptions in Myanmar and Bangladesh

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Topic

Digital Rights
Internet Connectivity / Accessibility
Internet Restrictions
Rohingya Crisis

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Athan
Harvard Law School - Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society: Cyberlaw Clinic
Harvard Law School: International Human Rights Clinic (IHRC)
PDi-Kintha (Peace and Development Initiative)
Rohingya Youth Association

Date Published: Jan 19, 2021

Abstract: We begin the paper with overviews of the human rights situation in Myanmar and Bangladesh which lays the groundwork for both the rationale behind the internet shutdowns as well as their impacts. This section highlights the Tatmadaw’s 2017 “clearance operations” that forced more than 750,000 Rohingyas refugees to flee to Bangladesh, the ongoing armed conflict in Rakhine and Chin State in Myanmar and the situation in the Rohingya refugee camps in Bangladesh. We then move to examine the immediate causes of the targeted internet shutdowns in Myanmar and Bangladesh, which both began in 2019. Next, we demonstrate that violations of digital rights are violations of human rights, and explain why internet shutdowns impede the rights of IDPs and refugees. In Section 4, the heart of the white paper, we showcase the voices of our interviewees, and draw out key themes from the interviews. Our findings reveal that there are commonalities in the impacts of the shutdowns in both countries, such as in the areas of public health information around COVID-19, education, and access to reliable news in misinformation-rich environments, as well as differences in areas like work, access to healthcare, and physical security. The paper concludes with key recommendations to the governments of Myanmar and Bangladesh.

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Lockdown and Shutdown: Exposing the Impacts of Recent Network Disruptions in Myanmar and Bangladesh

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