14 Policy Brief No. 93 Toda Peace Institute knowledge might be used to prevent such violence.46 The Hatebase platform also collects data on hate speech and makes this data available to researchers.47 The Harvard Humanitarian Initiative’s Program on Crisis Mapping and Early Warning uses communication technologies to collect information that can inform policymakers and assist humanitarian decisionmakers to prepare. 48 The Early Warning Project, a collaboration between the US Holocaust Museum and Dartmouth College, combines mathematical models to achieve an 80% chance of predicting violence. And Uppsala University’s model, called VIEWS, further improves on the predictive computations.49 The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) is a disaggregated data collection, analysis, and crisis mapping project. ACLED uses technology to collect real-time data on the locations, dates, actors, fatalities, and types of all reported political violence and protest events around the world.50 5. Digital Civilian Protection Early warning systems can contribute directly to the immediate need to protect civilians. Civilian protection aims to prevent harm to civilians under threat. Digital technologies can assist in providing intelligence useful in demonstrating to offenders that their threats against civilians are being monitored and recorded. This acts as leverage to discourage harm toward civilians by groups that hope no one is watching. For example, Sentry from Hala Systems is a multi-sensor network using artificial intelligence (AI) to generate awareness of immediate threats against civilians. Sentry validates information from multiple sources, allowing stakeholders such as governments, the United Nations, and NGOs to detect, identify, and predict threats.51 Sentry detects the sound of warplanes and then warns local people about when and where bombs may fall.52 There is interest in expanding the use of drones for humanitarian uses to increase the protection of civilians. However, a variety of ethical, practical, and political questions on the use of drones during peacekeeping operations remain, including concerns for privacy, transparency, risks, and accountability mechanisms for the collection of data.53 See the Dangerous Speech website for more information: https://dangerousspeech.org See the Hatebase website for more information: https://hatebase.org/about 48 See the Harvard Humanitarian Project website for more information: http://hhi.harvard.edu/research#humanitarian-data-and 49 Tate Ryan-Mosley. “We are finally getting better at predicting organized conflict.” MIT Technology Review. 24 October 2019. 50 See the ACLED website for more information: https://acleddata.com/#/dashboard 51 For more information on Hala System see their website at https://halasystems.com 52 Danny Gold. “Saving Lives With Tech Amid Syria’s Endless Civil War. WIRED. 16 August 2018. 53 Helena Puig Laurari. “Peacekeepers in the Sky: The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Peacekeeping.” Zurich: ICT4Peace Foundation, 2015. 46 47