Media Association post-2021 coup State-controlled media Legally recognised media outlets with national viewership and readership in Myanmar. This category includes state-sponsored media, mainstream media under military control, and entertainment media. Examples: MRTV, Eleven Media Group. National independent media Media outlets operating outside of military control that emerged in response to the military junta’s suppression. These outlets were previously considered mainstream media but went underground due to military control. With nationwide readership, they typically amass relatively larger capital. Examples: Frontier Myanmar, Democratic Voice of Burma. Small-scale independent media Media outlets operating with limited funding, with some employing social media platforms such as Facebook as their avenue of reporting. These outlets mostly emerged after the 2021 coup and were founded by individuals with prior affiliations to mainstream media. Examples: People Spring, Burma Associated Press. Ethnic media Media outlets serving the interests of ethnic minorities of Myanmar, such as those in the Karenni or Shan, regardless of whether they use Burmese or 2 ethnic minority languages. Examples: Shan Herald Agency for News, Shwe Phee Myay News Agency. International media Foreign media organisations based outside of Myanmar but covering news and events within the country. Examples: Reuters, Voice of America. Citizen journalism Journalists without professional affiliation. Citizen journalists work mostly with sources within the community that they themselves are part of to report about conflict or human rights violations. 2. Building on Soe Lynn Htwe (2017), state-sponsored media outlets that employ ethnic languages are excluded from this definition. 15