Key recommendations • The UK as penholder on Myanmar at the UN Security Council (UNSC) must urgently convene a meeting of the UNSC to take action on the regime’s continued obstruction of humanitarian aid in Rakhine State and Myanmar as a whole, which is in direct breach of UNSC Resolution 2669 as well as the International Court of Justice’s provisional measures order. • The US must immediately reverse its humanitarian aid cuts and urgently reinstate humanitarian assistance to the most vulnerable people in Myanmar, including the Rohingya, other internally displaced populations, and those affected by the earthquake. • The United Nations must support Bangladesh to open an emergency humanitarian aid channel to Rakhine State to help end the famine. The international community must also increase their support to the government of Bangladesh to provide protection and humanitarian assistance, including food, medicine and shelter, to ensure the rights and dignity of Rohingya refugees are upheld. • UN member states must exert maximum pressure on the Arakan Army to stop gross human rights violations against the Rohingya - including policies of persecution, forced displacement, landgrabbing, acts of collective punishment, forced labour, forced recruitment, abduction, incommunicado detention, and torture - and allow Rohingya IDPs to return to their homes in safety and dignity. UN member states must urgently impose targeted sanctions on the Arakan Army and its leadership for serious violations of international law against the Rohingya, which amount to atrocity crimes. Introduction “[Myanmar] has endured an increasingly catastrophic human rights crisis marked by unabated violence and atrocities that have affected every single aspect of life,” said UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk on 26 May 2025.2 A new report published ahead of the upcoming session of the UN Human Rights Council in July calls for a comprehensive approach to the crisis, including urgent humanitarian support and cross-border aid for displaced populations. This report by BROUK is the eleventh in its series highlighting repeated, sustained breaches of the International Court of Justice’s legally-binding order to protect the Rohingya as part of The Gambia’s genocide case against Myanmar. With this latest report, BROUK seeks to contextualise the starvation and extreme deprivation faced by the Rohingya within the broader humanitarian crisis in Myanmar, created and perpetuated by the regime. The report covers the period 1 January – 23 May 2025, up to the latest six-month deadline for the Myanmar State to comply with its reporting obligations to the International Court of Justice under the provisional measures order. The report also highlights gross human rights violations by the Arakan Army amounting to atrocity crimes - including its policies of persecution towards the Rohingya - which are compounding the risks of starvation and disease. It is primarily based on first-hand information collected from the ground in Rakhine State.3 2 UN News, ‘UN warns of ‘catastrophic’ human rights crisis in Myanmar as violence and economic collapse deepen’ (26 May 2025) available at <https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/05/1163706> accessed 6 June 2025. 3 This includes BROUK’s own sources. BROUK has carried out due diligence efforts to verify the incidents documented in this report. However, at present there are significant challenges and limitations with documenting, verifying, and reporting on human rights violations in Rakhine State due to the volatile security situation and rolling communication blackouts imposed by the regime. Given these significant challenges with collecting and verifying information, this report does not claim to provide a comprehensive account of alleged atrocity crimes perpetrated against the Rohingya from 1 January – 23 May 2025. 4