• Increase diplomatic engagement with Myanmar’s neighbours to facilitate humanitarian access and protection for Rohingya fleeing violence. • Leverage the ICJ’s provisional measures order within their own mandates to seek urgent protection for the Rohingya and end the cycle of impunity in Myanmar, including via public support for referral of the situation in Myanmar to the International Criminal Court or the creation of an ad hoc international tribunal. To UN member states: • The UK as penholder on Myanmar at the UN Security Council (UNSC) must urgently convene a meeting of the UNSC to take action on the regime’s continued obstruction of humanitarian aid in Rakhine State and Myanmar as a whole, which is in direct breach of UNSC resolution 2669 as well as the International Court of Justice’s provisional measures order. • The US must immediately reverse its humanitarian aid cuts and urgently reinstate humanitarian assistance to the most vulnerable people in Myanmar, including the Rohingya, other internally displaced populations, and those affected by the earthquake. • The United Nations must support Bangladesh to open an emergency humanitarian aid channel to Rakhine State to help end the famine. The international community must also increase their support to the government of Bangladesh to provide protection and humanitarian assistance, including food, medicine and shelter, to ensure the rights and dignity of Rohingya refugees are upheld. • Exert maximum pressure on Myanmar to lift the trade and aid blockade on Rakhine State, and allow international, national, and local humanitarian actors immediate, unrestricted, and sustained access to Rakhine State and the rest of the country. • Exert maximum pressure on the Arakan Army to stop gross human rights violations against the Rohingya - including policies of persecution, forced displacement, land-grabbing, acts of collective punishment, forced labour, forced recruitment, abduction, incommunicado detention, and torture - and allow Rohingya IDPs to return to their homes in safety and dignity. Urgently impose targeted sanctions on the Arakan Army and its leadership for serious violations of international law against the Rohingya, which amount to atrocity crimes. • Urge Myanmar to restore electricity and telecommunications in Rakhine State, and end all arbitrary restrictions on freedom of movement, access to health and other resources indispensable for survival for the Rohingya. • Publicly support calls from Rohingya communities for the International Court of Justice to make Myanmar’s reports on compliance with the provisional measures order publicly available at the time of submission to the Court. • Exert maximum pressure on Myanmar to cooperate with the International Criminal Court investigation and provide access to ICC, Argentinian and IIMM investigators. • Publicly support the referral of the situation in Myanmar to the International Criminal Court or support the creation of an ad hoc international tribunal. • Exercise universal and other forms of jurisdiction to investigate any individual from Myanmar – irrespective of affiliation, position, or rank - who may be responsible for committing genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity under international law. Ensure such individuals are brought to justice in fair trials. • Coordinate multilateral efforts to impose arms embargoes on Myanmar, including on the transfer of aviation fuel to the military as well as targeted economic sanctions on the Myanmar military, its leaders, and its sources of revenue. 39