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Mobile Myanmar: The Impact of Social Media on Young People Living in Conflict-Affected Regions of Myanmar Oksanen, A., Hawdon, J., Holkeri, E., Näsi, M., & Räsänen, P. (2014). Exposure to online hate among young social media users. Sociological Studies Of Children & Youth, 18, 253-273. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1537466120140000018021 Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019). The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(2), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1 Oudot, C., & Baudey, M. (2015, November 24). Kayah State students find their voices. Retrieved from Myanmar Times website: https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/17777-kayah-state-students-find-their-voice.html Panzagar. (2018). In Facebook [Group page]. Retrieved October 23, 2018, from: https://www.facebook.com/panzagar/ Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). (2017a). New project to study social media, armed conflict and gender in Myanmar. Retrieved from https://www.prio.org/News/Item/?x=2240 Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). (2017b). Social media in armed conflict: The case of Myanmar. Retrieved from https://www.prio.org/Projects/Project/?x=1777 Poushter, J., Bishop, C., & Chwe, J. (2018). Social Media Use Continues to Rise in Developing Countries but Plateaus Across Developed Ones. Retrieved from Pew Research Centre website: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2018/06/19/3-social-network-adoption-varies-widely-by-country/ Qian, J., ElSherief, M., Belding, E., & Wang, W. Y. (2018). Hierarchical CVAE for fine-grained hate speech classification. Computing Research Repository. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.00088 Qiu, J. L. (2014). “Power to the people!” Mobiles, migrants, and social movements in Asia. International Journal of Communication, 8, 376-91. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/2076/1075 Rickwood, D. J., Mazzer, K. R., & Telford, N. R. (2015). Social influences on seeking help from mental health services, in-person and online, during adolescence and young adulthood. BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0429-6 Ridout, B., & Campbell, A. (2014). Using Facebook to deliver a social norm intervention to reduce problem drinking at university. Drug and Alcohol Review, 33(6), 667-673. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12141 Ridout, B. & Campbell, A. (2018). The use of social networking sites in mental health interventions for young people: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(12), e12244. https://doi.org/10.2196/12244 Sandford, S. (2018). Conflict resumes in Karen state after Myanmar army returns. Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/a/conflict-resumes-in-karen-state-after-myanmar-army-returns/4417421.html Search for Common Ground. (2018). The impact of freedom of expression, religion and belief: Measuring results through online initiatives. Yangon, Myanmar: Search For Common Ground. Retrieved from https://www.sfcg.org/theimpact-of-freedom-of-expression-religion-and-belief-measuring-results-through-online-initiatives/ SELMA. (2018). The SELMA approach. Retrieved from http://www.hackinghate.eu/news/detail?articleId=1812815 SELMA. (2019). The SELMA toolkit. Retrieved from https://hackinghate.eu/toolkit/ Silverman, C. (2018). Can positive messaging on social media promote peacebuilding in Myanmar? Retrieved from Malmö University website: http://muep.mau.se/handle/2043/25017 111

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Mobile Myanmar: The impact of social media on young people in conflict-affected regions of Myanmar

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English

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Hate Speech
Internet Connectivity / Accessibility

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Save the Children
The University of Sydney

Date Published: Nov 1, 2019

Abstract: The advent of social media in Myanmar following the transition towards civilian rule announced in 2011 has given young people an important new platform for civic engagement and expression, and access to information and knowledge. But while young people are highly engaged with social media and its potential to bring benefits to their daily lives, this research reveals a number of alarming trends. Emerging new dangers such as online sexual harassment and hate speech are widespread and deeply concerning, and threaten to impact the safety and participation of girls and minority groups. Most young people lack the digital citizenship skills required to protect themselves from the online dangers and emotional and mental health impacts of social media highlighted in this report. The study finds evidence that young people across Myanmar suffer from ‘hate speech fatigue’, often exacerbated by repeat exposure to fake news and propaganda targeting specific communities. Over time, this effect limits young Myanmar users’ willingness to seek out and engage with reporting and blocking functions that may help combat fake news and hate speech online. Understanding the impact of social media on social and political discourse in Myanmar is of urgent, critical importance. While the young people in this study saw great potential for social media to increase empathy and understanding between different groups, the struggle to curb anti-Muslim hate speech in particular, and the structural and violent oppression it begets, is still very real. As recent global events have shown, democratic processes are especially vulnerable to disinformation campaigns and the spread of fake news and hate speech. Myanmar’s democracy is still new, and with elections upcoming in 2020, social media could very well play a role in shifting voter attitudes, especially among young people.

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Mobile Myanmar: The impact of social media on young people in conflict-affected regions of Myanmar

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