The Platform Question: Power, Accountability and Global South The Platform Question: Power, Accountability and Global South lines-and-Digital-Media-Ethics-Code-Rules-2021-updated-06.04.2023-.pdf> . 123. Intermediary Guidelines 2021, rule 3(2)(c). 124. As per rule 3(2)(b) of the Intermediary Guidelines 2021, all intermediaries must take reasonable measures to remove content that is “prima facie in the nature of any material which exposes the private area of such individual, shows such individual in full or partial nudity or shows or depicts such individual in any sexual act or conduct, or is in the nature of impersonation in an electronic form, including artificially morphed images of such individual” within 24 hours of receipt of the complaint. Although this provision under the Intermediary Guidelines has been rightly criticised for not taking into account the consent of the individual, we highlight this provision in this discussion to bring to light the absence of adequate mechanisms for reporting NCII content (even when mandated under law). 125. Intermediary Guidelines 2021, rule 3(2)(b). 126. While both platforms explicitly prohibit sexual content on their platform, users of dating platforms are still vulnerable to their intimate images being disseminated without their consent by matches on the platform or even through other means. Users should be able to report such content being shared via personal messaging and profiles that have engaged in such conduct outside the platform. 127. While the reporting interface of Quack Quack notes that its content moderation teams will look into all complaints of users within 24 hours, it does not specify a timeline for their resolution. Aisle does not specify a timeline for acknowledgement or resolution on its reporting interface, and instead notes that a member of their support staff will respond “as soon as possible.” 128. Farhana Shahid, Mona Elswah and Aditya Vashistha, ‘Think Outside the Data: Colonial Biases and Systemic Issues in Automated Moderation Pipelines for Low-Resource Languages’ [2025] arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.13836. 129. ibid. 130. See, for instance, ‘Safety And Policy Center’ (Tinder) <https://policies.tinder. com/safety-and-policy/intl/en/> 131. For instance, innocuous terms could be used to target marginalised communities. The term ‘shuttlecock’ could be used in a derogatory manner against burka-wearing Muslim women. See Shahid et al. (n 128). 132. Rowe, J. 2022.Marginalised languages and the content moderation challenge; Nigatu, H. H.; and Raji, I. D. 2024. “I Searched for a Religious Song in Amharic and Got Sexual Content Instead”: Investigating Online Harm in Low-Resourced Languages on YouTube. 70 Platform Accountability in Online Dating In Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, FAccT ’24, 141–160. New York, NY, USA: ACM; Gabriel Nicholas and Aliya Bhatia, ‘Toward Better Automated Content Moderation in Low-Resource Languages’ (2023) 2 Journal of Online Trust and Safety <https://www.tsjournal. org/index.php/jots/article/view/150> accessed 2 September 2024. 133. Zahra Stardust, Rosalie Gillett and Kath Albury, ‘Surveillance Does Not Equal Safety: Police, Data and Consent on Dating Apps’ (2023) 19 Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal 274 <https://journals.sagepub.com/ doi/10.1177/17416590221111827> accessed 27 August 2025. 134. ibid. 135. Stardust Et al. (n 133). 136. Spandana Singh, ‘Dating Apps Are Even Less Transparent Than Facebook and Google’ (New America) <http://newamerica.org/oti/articles/dating-appsare-even-less-transparent-than-facebook-and-google/> accessed 16 August 2025. 137. This is also mandated under rule 3(1)(a) of the Intermediary Guidelines 2021. Further, as per rule 3(1)(c), intermediaries must periodically (at least once a year), inform users that they can remove content or terminate access to accounts upon violation of their rules and regulations, privacy policy or user agreement. 138. For instance, Bumble’s Community Guidelines gives an option to users to examine different rules in more detail. See ‘Bumble’s Community Guidelines’ (Bumble) <https://bumble.com/en-in/guidelines> On the other hand, Aisle’s Community Guidelines club a wide range of harms together without providing adequate explanation. See Aisle, ‘Terms of Use’ <https://www.aisle.co/termsofuse.html>. 139. As per rule 3(1)(a) of Intermediary Guidelines, 2021, platforms must prominently publish rules and regulations, privacy policies and user agreements in English or any language specified in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution for access or usage of the services by any person in the language of their choice. Also see section 5(3) of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, which mandates data fiduciaries to give data subjects the option to access notice to process personal data in either English or any language specified in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution 140. As per rule 3(2)(a) of the Intermediary Guidelines, 2021, all intermediaries must “prominently publish” mechanisms for user complaints. Here, “prominently publish” means clearly visible and accessible on the homescreen or through a link on the homescreen. 141. Intermediary Guidelines 2021, rule 3(2)(a). 142. Singh (n 136). Platform Accountability in Online Dating 71