and additional information. Since 2012 it has been hosted by and has received revenue from the R7 portal, linked to the Record group, owner of the third-largest TV station in the country. MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: AOS FATOS AND AGÊNCIA LUPA Several agencies have been established more recently, a trend that seems to follow the growth of disinformation on social media. Two examples are Aos Fatos34 and Agência Lupa,35 both of which have become well known and developed partnerships both with digital platforms and with public bodies, such as the TSE. These agencies work not only with verification, but also with the production of information. During the 2018 elections, they started to mobilize advocacy efforts through institutional dialogues with the TSE, proposing measures to mitigate the profusion of disinformation. FACT-CHECKING INITIATIVES ASSOCIATED WITH TRADITIONAL MEDIA In Brazil, there are also verification initiatives associated with traditional media. During the presidential elections of 2018, the Comprova36 project was created as a data verification network, driven by the Brazilian Association of Investigative Journalism. Today it has representatives from thirtythree media outlets and is supported by funding from Facebook and Google. Fato ou Fake37 is an initiative of the largest media group in the country, Grupo Globo. Estadão Verifica38 is a blog published on the website of O Estado de São Paulo, one of the most traditional newspapers in the country. UOL Confere is the fact-checking project of UOL,39 one of the largest content companies in the country, which is controlled by one of the main print groups, Folha. There is also a verification initiative run by AFP, which is called AFP Checamos.40 MEDIA EDUCATION INSTITUTO PALAVRA ABERTA The Instituto Palavra Aberta is one of the organizations in Brazil focused on media education. It was responsible for the development, in partnership with Google, of the EducaMídia program, a project that aims at training teachers and education managers on the subject. The EducaMídia website41 provides content, resources, and documents for education workers to apply in their daily training activities. The project also explains what media education is and the importance of this approach in the education of citizens. The topic is addressed in a guide, which I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH presents the organization’s educational perspective regarding ICT. Besides working with educators, the EducaMídia project also offers activities for different audiences, with a focus on vulnerable communities, such as courses for the elderly. The Instituto Palavra Aberta has been defending the practice of media education as a new form of literacy, according to Daniela Machado (interview, August 2021) of EducaMídia: “We have been considering media education as a new way of dealing with information. The very concept of literacy changes as technologies and the way we relate to information change. What is literacy today? It goes beyond reading words printed on a piece of paper.” INCT.DD Regarding media education and research, it is also worth mentioning the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Democracia Digital (INCT.DD, National Institute of Science and Technology for Digital Democracy), a network of researchers from several educational institutions coordinated by the Federal University of Bahia (Universidade Federal da INCT.DD brings together Bahia). The institute brings together multidisciplinary teams multidisciplinary teams for the analysis for the analysis of of disinformation practices. A diverse disinformation practices. range of professionals are involved in the projects, from linguists to programmers, and also social scientists, who bring together the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the analysis of social media and the circulation of misleading content in these environments. The institute has carried out research on false content associated with democratic institutions, such as content that targeted the Electoral Justice as well as content targeting the press and and media professionals. INCT.DD also offers training on disinformation through a six-hour course consisting of twelve classes, offered on digital platforms. The target audience of the course is diverse and includes journalists, fact checkers, researchers, and other interested people. FGV DAPP Another renowned research center in the country is FGV DAPP, linked to the Getúlio Vargas Foundation, an educational institution. It organizes studies on various types of content related to different kinds of disinformation practices. The group has prepared research on disinformation about the electoral system on Facebook and YouTube, in partnership with the TSE. FGV DAPP also promotes Latin America and the Caribbean – 9 9