such as a book edited by Martins (2020) which discusses responses to the phenomenon, and a study by Barbosa, Martins, and Valente (2021) in which the organization critically analyzes the measures taken by digital platforms to combat the circulation of misleading content and presents recommendations. They also released a booklet with proposals to deal with the problem. BARÃO DE ITARARÉ try to amplify access to the voices of the victims, trying to get them to find spaces to publicize their demands” (interview, Moraes, August 2021). Avaaz mediates, for example, between representatives of disinformation victims and platform executives at their headquarters in the USA. INSTITUTO VERO Instituto Vero31 is a recently established organization associated with one of the country’s biggest digital The Centro de Estudos da Mídia Alternativa Barão de Itararé30 is an entity that advocates on behalf of and supports independent media outlets. The center has participated in discussions about the “fake news bill” and other legal initiatives with implications for online speech, including influencers, Felipe Neto. The entity developed and disinformation. It also promotes debates and produces material about digital rights aimed at social movements, including topics related to false content, access to information, and protection of personal data. The aim is to bring those in content production closer to the discussions on digital rights protection, in order to strengthen journalistic activity. As Renata Mielli (interview, August 2021), the entity’s director, explains: 2021, Vero released a report on the strategies Checking facts is important, but it’s like drying up ice. On the other hand, we have been working to strengthen journalistic activity, and especially the alternative media. The arrangements are diverse, and we need to understand this new information ecosystem that has emerged and that can be an important environment for us to confront disinformation, strengthening spaces for reliable information. AVAAZ Avaaz, an international organization, has an office in Brazil that promotes action in relation to disinformation, among other issues. The organization has conducted research on topics related to disinformation and the Covid-19 pandemic, and opinion surveys among the population to understand how people access information and disinformation. Avaaz has also researched the reception of misleading anti-vaccination content, in partnership with the Brazilian Immunization Society. One of Avaaz’s aims is to support employees of digital platforms and victims of disinformation: “We try to cooperate with employees of social media to amplify their voices in relation to the demands they have, to help them have access to the media. We also I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH launched a global survey on youth trust in vaccines during the Covid-19 pandemic, in partnership with an alliance associated with UNESCO (Bonami and Soh 2021). Another subject studied by the institute is the buying and selling of likes on Instagram. In used by politicians in Parliament to disrupt the moderation of disinformation content (Machado and Durigan 2021). The survey analyzed fifteen bills, evaluating the possible consequences of the measures provided for in each to deal with the production and dissemination of disinformation in the country. DATA PRIVACY BRAZIL The Data Privacy Brazil Research Association was created with a focus on personal data, and is active at the intersection of this theme and other subjects, such as disinformation. One of its focuses is the analysis of the data market and its agents, especially digital platforms and data brokers. The entity evaluates the relationship between data protection and competition, or the antitrust measures to guarantee competition, and the implications of violation of data protection and anticompetitive measures on freedom of expression. The organization also develops research on issues related to data protection and produces analyses such as technical notes. In the debates on Bill 2630, the association elaborated an analysis document on the impacts on privacy of the measures foreseen in the proposal approved by the Federal Senate. FACT CHECKING THE EARLIEST INITIATIVES: BOATOS AND E-FARSAS Brazil has a long-standing history of fact checking. One example is Boatos,32 an independent site created by a journalist several years ago, before the establishment of fact-checking agencies. E-farsas33 was also established as an independent website in 2002 to publish corrections of false information Latin America and the Caribbean – 9 8