consultation process convened in 2019 by the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the IACHR, with the aim of preparing a guide on the issue of disinformation in electoral contexts. According to Veridiana Alimonti (interview, August 2021), the guide contains “a diagnostic part, and there are a series of recommendations that deal with the issue of how to balance the issue of freedom of expression.” The EFF has also been involved in electoral discussions, for example in Brazil. It has analyzed the possible impacts of solutions, such as the Brazilian proposal to implement measures to ensure the traceability of viral messages in messaging applications and its possible effects on the right to the protection of individuals’ data (discussed later in this report). FACT CHECKING In terms of fact checking, Latin America and the Caribbean has seen an increase in organizations and projects aimed at monitoring content, analyzing it, and publicizing the results of such examinations—either refuting the content, pointing out specific corrections, or confirming it. According to the Duke Reporters’ Lab at Duke University in the USA,14 forty-nine data verification agencies and projects exist in the region. The countries with the most initiatives are Chile, Brazil, and Ecuador. We arrived at a slightly higher total of organizations in the region, namely fifty-seven. Table 1 provides details of the initiatives explored in this report, including the scope of each initiative— whether it is international or limited to the country it is based in—and the profile of each initiative: whether it is an agency or an independent project created by individuals, whether it is linked to a media outlet, whether it is related to a non-governmental organization (NGO), whether it was developed by a group of professional communicators, or whether it maintains a relationship with an academic institution. Table 1: Initiatives working with fact checking in Latin America and the Caribbean Country # Initiative Scope Profile Chile 12 AFP Factual Chile International Linked to media outlet Cazadores de Fake News Local Independent Fact Checking Local Related to educational institution Fast Check Local Independent Bío-bío Comunicaciones Local Linked to media outlet Mala Espina Check Local Independent El Dínamo’s Chequeo Local Linked to media outlet La Tercera’s fact-checking service Local Linked to media outlet El Polígrafo Local Linked to media outlet Meganotícias Notícias Falsas Local Linked to media outlet Observatório de Datos del Periodismo y la Comunicación Local Related to educational institution Chequeando Local Independent Boatos Local Independent Estadão Verifica Local Linked to media outlet Comprova Local Linked to media outlet and professionals UOL Confere Local Linked to media outlet Fato ou Fake Local Linked to media outlet Aos Fatos Local Independent Agência Lupa Local Independent E-farsas Local Independent AFP Checamos International Linked to media outlet Brazil 9 I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH Latin America and the Caribbean – 87