example, Brazilian civil society’s fight to change Bill No. 2630 of 2020 (discussed in greater detail in the section on Brazil later in Part I). Another front on which this association is active is the efforts to get digital platforms to change their business models and align their internal norms with international human rights guidelines. ALSUR The AlSur network7 is a consortium of civil society organizations that aims to strengthen human rights in the region’s digital environment. Among the network’s main issues of concern are access to culture and information and to digital technologies, surveillance and personal data protection, cybersecurity, intermediary liability, and artificial intelligence (AI). The coalition seeks to promote the regional coordination of efforts in order to exercise influence on these issues. They work on several fronts, such as strengthening communication among members, sharing experiences and technical capacities, analyzing public policies that may have a regional impact, and generating joint knowledge and strategies to influence arenas that contribute to the efforts of members in their countries. One of the foci of AlSur’s work is the production of knowledge, and disinformation has become one of the consortium’s research topics. In 2019, a report was released on these practices in electoral contexts in the region, as a contribution to the public consultation organized by the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the IACHR with a view to drafting a guide on the subject (AlSur 2019). In 2020, AlSur published a report addressing the dissemination of disinformation during the Covid-19 pandemic from a human rights perspective, reflecting on its specificities compared to this practice in electoral contexts (Álvarez Ugarte 2020). In August 2021, a study was launched that analyzed the propagation of misleading content by political authorities (AlSur 2021a). Also in 2021, AlSur released a policy paper discussing intermediary liability and the moderation of content by these agents, mapping legal initiatives and making recommendations on the subject from a human rights perspective (AlSur 2021b). OBSERVACOM Observacom8 is an observatory with a regional scope. It is based in Uruguay, with researchers in different countries. The organization monitors various aspects and topics related to media regulation, including disinformation. The group has been engaged in digital platform regulation, and I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH has coordinated the formulation of a document with proposals to increase transparency and denounce processes—such as a lack of transparency, harms produced by algorithmic decision making, and attacks on freedom of expression—in these spaces, which also addresses the problem of disinformation (Pallero et al. 2020). In addition to its research, Observacom produces technical notes and statements related to the issues it works with. Based on these statements, Observacom has an impact on public and private actors. In the public sector, the organization addresses statements and documents to governments and legislators, such as proposals for the regulation of disinformation in various countries, such as Brazil. As regards the private sector, Observacom also develops campaigns and seeks to raise awareness about abuses committed by digital platforms. DERECHOS DIGITALES Derechos Digitales9 is an organization based in Chile and active across Latin America. The organization addresses issues related to communication in the digital environment, aiming at promoting a fairer and more inclusive environment. It works with issues such as freedom of expression, privacy and personal data, copyright, and access to knowledge. The association carries out research and analysis, promotes campaigns, and advocates in political processes. Regarding the issue of disinformation, it works mainly with advocacy strategies and the production of knowledge and research. The entity participates in regional efforts, such as AlSur. In this network, it has contributed to research on disinformation in the region (RELE 2019). According to Juan Carlos Lara (interview, August 2021), director of the organization, “AlSur’s research was conducted through consultations with entities to determine how much knowledge these Derechos Digitales engages in entities have of both regulation and legislative advocacy through practice.” Derechos Digitales also partnerships with other monitors legislative initiatives, esorganizations on the continent. pecially within the Chilean Congress but also in other countries, such as Brazil. Legislative advocacy is carried out through partnerships with other organizations on the continent, and through this Derechos Digitales seeks to contribute to the advocacy actions and public campaigns carried out by the actors in each country in relation to legislative initiatives. In terms of lessons learned, Lara (interview, August 2021) notes that the scenario in the region Latin America and the Caribbean – 85