academic literature, this review did not include
technical reports and other studies, such as
policy papers, carried out by these organizations.
However, Part I of this report reveals important
systematic research work that in many cases fills
the gaps that still remain in the research published
in academic journals.
In summary, this literature review identified a
thriving field of research on the subject in Latin
America and the Caribbean. However, there are
still significant gaps and challenges, and there is
room to expand research in the field in terms of
both quantity and diversity of themes. Of especial
importance is the creation of Latin American
and Caribbean benchmarks in the definition
and conceptualization of the phenomenon of
disinformation, in order to contribute to building a
perspective from the Global South.
REFERENCES
• Abdala, M., G. Scherlis, and C. Tchintian. 2020.
“Elecciones 2021 en Argentina: Los desafios de
la desinformación a la integridad democrática.”
(2021 elections in Argentina: The challenges
posed by disinformation for democratic
integrity.) CIPPEC (Centro de Implementación
de Políticas Públicas para la Equidad y el
Crecimiento, NDI (Instituto Nacional Democrata).
December 2020. Accessed December 10, 2021.
https://www.cippec.org/publicacion/elecciones2021-en-argentina-desafios-desinformacion/.
• Aglantzakis, V. 2020. “Fake news como
ameaça à democracia e os meios de
controle de sua disseminação.” (Fake news
as a threat to democracy and the means
to control its dissemination.) Revista de
Teorias da Democracia e Direitos Políticos
6 (1): 20–37. https://doi.org/10.26668/
IndexLawJournals/2525-9660/2020.v6i1.6465.
• Aguirre, L. 2020. “Cuando el silencio también
habla: Medios de comunicación y minorización
de la violencia contra las mujeres en El
Salvador.” (When silence also speaks: Media and
the minimization of violence against women in
El Salvador.) Special issue: “Mentiras, ódios y
desinformación: Tempos posfáticos em América
Latina.” Perspectivas: Analisis y comentarios
políticos 6: 19–22.
• Albuquerque, A. 2020. “O discurso das fake
news e sua implicação comunicacional na
política e na ciência.” (The fake news discourse
and its communicational implications in politics
and science.) Revista eletrônica de comunicação,
informação e inovação em saúde 14 (1): 184–98.
https://doi.org/10.29397/reciis.v14i1.2016.
• Albuquerque, A. 2021. “As fake news e o
Ministério da Verdade Corporativa.” (The fake
news and the Ministry of Corporate Truth.)
Revista EPTIC 23 (1): 125–41. Accessed December
10, 2021. seer.ufs.br/index.php/eptic/article/
view/14670.
• Allcott, H., and M. Gentzkow. 2017. “Social Media
and Fake News in the 2016 Election.” Journal of
Economic Perspectives 31 (2): 211–36. https://doi.
org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211.
• AlSur. 2019. “Desinformación en internet en
contextos electorales de América Latina y el
Caribe.” (Online disinformation in electoral
contexts in Latin America and the Caribbean.)
January 2019. Accessed January 14, 2022.
https://www.alsur.lat/reporte/desinformacionen-internet-en-contextos-electorales-americalatina-el-caribe.
• AlSur. 2021a. “La mentira de los funcionarios.
¿Tiene patas cortas o efectos largos?” (The
officials’ lie: Does it have a short life or big
effects?) Accessed January 14, 2022. https://
www.alsur.lat/proyecto/mentira-funcionarios.
• AlSur. 2021b. “Mirando al sur: Hacia nuevos
consensos regionales en materia de
responsabilidad de intermediarios y moderación
de contenidos en internet.” (Looking to the
south: Towards new regional consensus in
relation to the responsibility of intermediaries
and content moderation on the internet.)
Accessed January 14, 2022. https://www.
alsur.lat/reporte/mirando-al-sur-hacianuevos-consensos-regionales-en-materiaresponsabilidad-0.
I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH
• Álvarez Ugarte, R. 2020. “La desinformación
y la pandemia: Una perspectiva de DDHH.”
(Disinformation and the pandemic: A human
rights perspective.) AlSur, August 2020.
Accessed January 14, 2022. https://www.alsur.
lat/reporte/desinformacion-pandemia-unaperspectiva-ddhh.
• Amato, L. F. 2021. “Fake news: Regulação ou
metarregulação?” (Fake news: Regulation
or meta-regulation?) RIL Brasilia 58 (230):
29–53. Accessed December 10, 2021.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/
Lucas-Amato/publication/352248218_Fake_
News_regulacao_ou_metarregulacao/
links/60c0965f299bf1e6b71cb303/Fake-Newsregulacao-ou-metarregulacao.pdf.
• Anaya Mota, C. E. 2020. “Iniciativa con proyecto
por la que se reforma y adicionan diversas
disposiciones de la ley reglamentaria del artículo
6o, párrafo primero …” (Initiative with draft
amending and adding various provisions of the
law regulating the first paragraph of Article 6.)
Accessed December 10, 2021. https://infosen.
senado.gob.mx/sgsp/gaceta/64/3/2020-12-15-1/
assets/documentos/Inic_PRI_Sen_Claudia_
Anaya_art_6_ceam.pdf.
• Aos Fatos, Agência Lupa, Boatos, Comprova,
e-Farsas, and Estadão Verifica. 2018. “Fake News
impactam eleições e têm que ser combatidas.
Propostas dos checadores ao TSE.” (Fake news
impacts on elections and has to be combated.
Fact checkers’ proposals to the TSE.) Accessed
December 10, 2021. https://piaui.folha.uol.
com.br/lupa/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/
Propostas-checadores-TS.pdf.
Latin America and the Caribbean – 1 2 9